An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry

Symbols and Abbreviations Multiples and submultiples Symbol Name Equivalent T tera 1012 G giga 109 M mega 106 k kilo 103 d deci ...

Kb equilibrium constant for base molnl-n KH Henry’s law constant mol l-^1 atm Ksp solubility product molnl-n Kw equilibrium cons ...

HCFCs hydrochlorofluorocarbons HCH hexachlorocyclohexane hn photon of light IAP ion activity product IGBP International Geospher ...

W watt (power – J s-^1 ) WHO World Health Organization wt% weight per cent Z atomic number z charge |z| charge ignoring sign Gre ...

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1 Introduction 1.1 What is environmental chemistry? It is probably true to say that the term environmental chemistry has no prec ...

2 Chapter One rent theme. This theme emphasizes the link between natural chemical systems and organisms, not least humans, since ...

Box 1.1 Elements, atoms and isotopes Elements are made from atoms—the smallest particle of an element that can take part in chem ...

solidification of the remaining material into the mantle of MgFeSiO 3 composi- tion (Fig. 1.2). 1.3.1 Formation of the crust and ...

Various lines of evidence suggest that volatile elements escaped (degassed) from the mantle by volcanic eruptions associated wit ...

The source of water for the formation of the hydrosphere is problematical. Some meteorites contain up to 20% water in bonded hyd ...

ago, soon after accretion, and we know from the existence of sedimentary rocks laid down in water that the oceans had formed by ...

remaining radiation is absorbed into the crust with decreasing efficiency with increasing latitude, mainly because of the Earth’ ...

picture for the origin of life. However, it now seems more likely that the synthe- sis of biologically important molecules occur ...

1 Addition to the environment of exotic chemicals as a result of new substances synthesized and manufactured by industry. 2 Chan ...

understood. A new substance may be benign, but our lack of knowledge can lead to unforeseen and sometimes harmful consequences. ...

is also a strong theme. Terrestrial weathering links through to the oceans (see Chapter 6) as the major input of constituents to ...

1.7 Further reading Allegre, C. (1992) From Stone to Star.Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Broecker, W.S. (19 ...

2 Environmental Chemist’s Toolbox 2.1 About this chapter Undergraduate students studying environmental science come from a wide ...

element, and its electron energy levels allow an element to be classified. The elec- tron is the component of the atom used in b ...