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5 2 Optical properties focus is extremely valuable in the study of the contours of solid surfaces and in the study of particle s ...
Optical properties S3 Microscopic objective Colloidal dispersion Cardioid consenser Figure 3.4 Principle of the cardioid dark-fi ...
54 Optical properties The Tyndall effect-turbidity All materials are capable of scattering light (Tyndall effect) to some extent ...
Optical properties 5 5 The intensity of the light scattered by colloidal solutions or dispersions of low turbidity is measured d ...
56 Optical properties 2, Debye scattering (where the particles are relatively large, but the difference between their refractive ...
Optical properties 57 The quantity Re (1+cos^2 0) is called the Rayleigh ratio. The unity term in (1+cos^2 0) refers to the vert ...
58 Optical properties such a particle is, therefore, proportional to the number of individual scatterers in the particle — i.e. ...
Optical properties 59 where R (defined in equation 3.3) now refers to primary scattering from unit volume of solution. Therefore ...
60 Optical properties Incident beam (b) Constructive interference Destructive interference Figure 3.7 (a) Scattering from a rela ...
Optical properties 61 o Experimental points Extrapolated points . o o. sin-'— + kc Figure 3.8 A Zimm plot Particles which are ...
62 Optical properties Mixing this broadened, scattered signal with incident light produces a pattern of beat frequencies, the me ...
Optical properties 63 the fibre-optic tip is sampled, the technique can be used for concentrated dispersions. Small angle neutro ...
4 Liquid—gas and liquid- liquid interfaces Surface and interfacial tensions It is well known that short-range forces of attracti ...
Liquid-gas and liquid-liquid interfaces 65 The surface tension y 0 of a liquid is often defined as the force acting at right ang ...
66 Liquid-gas and liquid-liquid interfaces hydrogen bonding (as, for example, in water) and metal bonding (as, for example, in m ...
Liquid-gas and liquid-liquid interfaces 67 phase by oil-oil dispersion forces and to the water phase by oil-water dispersion for ...
68 Liquid-gas and liquid-liquid interfaces pressure p 0 to the droplet with a vapour pressure pr, the free energy increase is al ...
Liquid-gas and liquid-liquid interfaces 69 a sol of a highly insoluble substance, such as silver iodide hydrosol, this phenomeno ...
70 Liquid-gas and liquid-liquid interfaces Capillary rise method This is, when properly performed, the most accurate method avai ...
Liquid-gas and liquid-liquid interfaces 11 correctly. One can check for zero contact angle by allowing the meniscus to approach ...
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