P.
Pe ̄lousion (mod. Tell el-Farama; 31 ̊ 03 ’ N, 32 ̊ 36 ’ E): ancient Egyptian city and border
fort, at the north-east corner of the Nile Delta; point of attack upon Egypt for the Persians
(342 BCE) and Alexander of Macedon (332 BCE). Ptolemaic until taken by Antiokhos IV
(170 BCE); thrice taken by Rome in the 1st c. BCE. OCD3 1134 – 1135, D.J. Thompson;
BAGRW 74-H2; BNP 10 (2007) 716–717, K. Jansen-Winkeln.
D, L, P.
Pergamon (mod. Bergama; 39 ̊ 07 ’ N, 27 ̊ 11 ’ E): old city, whose regent Phile ̄tairos defected
from L in 282 BCE (in favor of Seleukos I) and defended the city from Galatian
invaders, 278– 276 BCE; his successor Eumene ̄s I revolted from the Seleukids, 263 BCE, and
Eumene ̄s’ son Attalos I made the city the capital of his newly-declared kingdom, which
patronized arts and sciences. Attalos I also opposed Macedon from 220 BCE, and allied
with Rhodes from 201 BCE, and then also Rome from 197 BCE. Eumene ̄s II around 190
BCE founded here a library in competition with Alexandria. A III bequethed the
kingdom to Rome, 133 BCE. Punished by Rome for supporting M VI (88– 85
BCE). Prosperous and prestigious center of Roman imperial ruler-cult. Attacked by Goths,
ca 265 CE, but remained an important intellectual center, where the emperor Julian studied
philosophy. PECS 688 – 692, J. Schäfer; ODB 1628, C.F.W. Foss; OCD3 1138 – 1139, A.J.S.
Spawforth and Ch. Roueché; BAGRW 56-E3; BNP 10 (2007) 754–772, W. Radt and
W. Eder.
A, A (2), A, B (?), D K (?), E-
, G, M (?), M, N, O, P (?),
P, S.
Perge ̄ (mod. Murtana; 36 ̊ 58 ’ N, 30 ̊ 51 ’ E): ancient coastal site east of Attaleia, Hellenized
by Rhodes from the 7th c. BCE; welcomed Alexander of Macedon, then under the
Seleukids; under Pergamon from 188 BCE; plundered by Verres in the 1st c. BCE. PECS
692 – 693, G.E. Bean; OCD3 1139, Idem and St. Mitchell; BAGRW 65-E4; BNP 10 (2007)
773 – 775, W. Martini.
A, A.
Perinthos (mod. Ereg ̆li/Marmaraereg ̆li; 40 ̊ 58 ’ N, 27 ̊ 57 ’ E): founded by Samos 602 BCE
on the coast of the Propontis in Thrake ̄, west of Buzantion; taken by the Persians, allied
with Athens in the 5th–4th centuries BCE; allied with Philip II of Macedon 355 BCE; after
the conquests of Alexander of Macedon, variously allied or free. OCD3 1140, E.N. Borza;
BAGRW 52-B3; BNP 10 (2007) 785–786, I. von Bredow.
H.
Petra (mod. Wadi Musa; 30 ̊ 20 ’ N, 35 ̊ 27 ’ E): south-east of Gaza, south of the Dead Sea,
capital of the Nabataean kingdom from at least 312 BCE until 106 CE when Rome trans-
ferred the provincial capital to Bostra, but continued as a trade center. Devoted to its native
god, Dusares, and to Isis; early Christian center. Declined ca 150 – 250 CE, as Arabian trade
shifted north. Survived an earthquake 363 CE, which damaged the aqueducts; another
ca 415 CE. In Byzantine times, metropolis of the province Palaestina Tertia. PECS 694 – 695, J.-P.
Rey-Coquais; ODB 1642 – 1643, W.E. Kaegi and A. Kazhdan; OCD3 1149, J.F. Healey;
BAGRW 70-G5/71-A5; R.G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs (2001) 70–74; BNP 10 (2007)
869 – 871, T. Leisten; EJ2 16.17–18, M. Avi-Yonah and Sh. Gibson.
G.
Phase ̄lis (mod. Tekirova; 36 ̊ 31 ’ N, 30 ̊ 33 ’ E): coastal city at the east edge of Lukia,
founded by Lindos ca 690 BCE, and then assisted in founding Naukratis. Under the
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