7th c. BCE as a colony of Lindos; sided with the Persians against Alexander of Macedon.
Ravaged and depopulated by Tigrane ̄s of Armenia during the war of M VI;
repopulated (with ex-pirates) and rebuilt by Pompey, after whom it was then renamed.
S B, s.v., lists only this one; PECS 851, M. Gough; BAGRW 66-F3;
NP 11.704 (#2), F. Hild.
A, C, K.
Soloi ( Cyprus) (mod. Karavostasi/Potamos tou Kambou; 35 ̊ 09 ’ N, 32 ̊ 50 ’ E): near the
southernmost point of the bay of Morphou, one of the chief kingdoms of Cyprus, and
taken by the Persians 499 BCE; allied with Alexander of Macedon, and then controlled
by the Ptolemies, who abolished the kingship. PECS 850 – 851, K. Nicolaou; BAGRW 72-B2;
NP 11.703–704 (#1), R. Senff.
B, H, K.
Spain/Hispania: comprising much of the Iberian peninsula, with abundant natural
resources; colonized by Phoenicians (who founded Gade ̄s) and Greeks (from Pho ̄kaia),
and culturally influenced by Celtic migrations (from ca 500 BCE). Territory in south-east
Spain was taken by Carthage 237 – 218 BCE, leading to war with Rome 218 – 206 BCE,
after which Mediterranean coastal strips were constituted as provinces (Hispania Citerior and
Hispania Ulterior); Rome extended holdings westwards in wars of 155– 133 BCE. A’
conquest of the remaining north-west corner (26– 19 BCE) resulted in the creation of the
new province Lusitania, the expansion of Hispania Citerior as Hispania Tarraconensis, and the
renaming of Hispania Ulterior as Hispania Baetica. The provinces remained prosperous
through the end of the 2nd c. CE, the origin of many notable Romans: A S,
A L, C, Quintilian, Martial, Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus
Aurelius. OCD3 1429 – 1430, S.J. Keay; BNP 6 (2005) 384–395, P. Barceló et al.
Sites: Corduba, Gade ̄s, Dianium, Hispalis, Tingentera.
People: E (?), T.
Sparta (mod. Sparti; 37 ̊ 04 ’ N, 22 ̊ 26 ’ E): early Dorian city in fertile valley (Eurotas river),
ruled by a pair of kings; often opposed to Athens; free city under Rome from 196 BCE;
plundered by the Heruli 267 CE, and destroyed by Alaric 395 CE. PECS 855 – 856,
P. Cartledge; OCD3 1431 – 1433, P. Cartledge et al.; BAGRW 58-C3; NP 11.784–795,
K.-H. Welwei.
A.
Spoletium (mod. Spoleto; 42 ̊ 44 ’ N, 12 ̊ 44 ’ E): Umbrian town, north-west of Amiternum,
north of Reate, east of Volsinii, and south-west of Firmum Picenum, a colonia under
Rome from 241 BCE, municipium by 90 BCE. PECS 858, L. Richardson, Jr.; OCD3 1436, E.T.
Salmon and T.W. Potter; BAGRW 42-D3; NP 11.834, G. Uggeri.
M M.
Stageira (near mod. Nizvoro; 40 ̊ 32 ’ N, 23 ̊ 45 ’ E): small coast city in northern Khal-
kidike; a colony of Andros, destroyed by Philip II 349, but restored by Alexander of
Macedon at A’s petition (P, Alex. 7.3). OCD3 1437, S. Hornblower;
BAGRW 51-B3; NP 11.914, M. Zahrnt.
A, N.
Stoboi (mod. Gradska; 41 ̊ 05 ’ N, 21 ̊ 57 ’ E): Paionian city at juncture of Cˇrna and Vardar
rivers; under Rome from 168 BCE, and a municipium from 69 CE. Prosperous thence
through 479 CE, when raided by Goths under Theodoric; devastated by an earthquake 518
CE (cf. Pisidia), after which declined. PECS 859 – 860, J. Wiseman; ODB 1958, A. Kazhdan;
OCD3 1445 – 1446, J.J. Wilkes; BAGRW 50-A1; NP 11.1010, R.M. Errington.
GAZETTEER