Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

century b.c.e., fi rst visible in 371 b.c.e., when the notion of a common peace among Greek states developed; however, the idea ...

political, social, and economic center for the surrounding countryside and its dependent towns and villages. In con- junction wi ...

In Boeotia and a few other areas where federalism had emerged, there were federal armies with member states con- tributing troop ...

Antigonid, centered in the Macedonian heartland. Th eir armies were direct descendants of Philip’s and Alexander’s. Th ere were ...

Little is known about the Roman army of the early king- dom. Probably small, the army was led by the king and con- sisted of the ...

mans were generally no better equipped than their enemies. Rather, they owed their success in war to a stress on teamwork and es ...

Th e outcome of this confl ict was by no means assured, particularly since Carthage was the great naval power of the period and ...

Rome. Th ese generals also vied with one another for power. Th ey fought pitched battles until in 31 b.c.e. Octavian, later Augu ...

Lenape continued their eastward trek into the forested re- gions of the eastern United States, giving rise to at least 40 nation ...

took part in battles. A chief strategy was to use the forests as cover, luring in enemies and then ambushing them. Some- times c ...

VII.165: Th ey, however, who dwell in Sicily, say that Gelo, though he knew that he must serve under the Lacedaemonians, would n ...

And they told him our disgrace; Th en Rameses uprose, like his father, Montu in might, All his weapons took in hand, And his arm ...

Th en, like Monthu in his might, I rushed on them apace, And I let them taste my hand In a twinkling moment’s space. Th en cried ...

In my sixth book I made a promise, still unfulfi lled, of taking a fi tting opportunity of drawing a comparison between the arms ...

seeing that the Roman front ranks are not supported by the rear ranks, either by way of adding weight to their charge, or vigor ...

Steven A. LeBlanc and Katherine E. Register, Constant Battles: Th e Myth of the Peaceful, Noble Savage (New York: St. Martin’s P ...

strap, held by the slinger, was looped securely around a fi nger or wrist, while the other strap, usually knotted to provide a g ...

military headquarters. Th ere are a few scenes from the Old and Middle Kingdom (ca. 2575–ca. 1640 b.c.e.) that depict bows and s ...

the Asiatic model. Other troops wore shirts made of leather strips sewn together in rows. Armor made of iron lamellae (thin plat ...

Th e fi rst helmets were worn by the Sumerians and were either cloth or leather caps. Th e Sumerians eventually began using head ...