Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

would be governed by their guild. Such villages were suburbs, because they usually existed to service a nearby city with their g ...

peculiarities of the historical development of Africa was that the continent seems to have skipped the Bronze Age, passing from ...

shrines for the local governors, and workshops supplying the populace with nonagricultural products. Local centers also featured ...

By 9000 b.c.e. the town of Abu Hureyra contained several hundred inhabitants living in houses made of mud bricks. Th e people gr ...

these ancient villages, partly because the rising ocean covered many of them with water and partly because the humid air quickly ...

EUROPE BY KIRK H. BEETZ Th e earliest Stone Age populations of Europe were mobile hunter-gatherers who lived in camps for short ...

mined, and Stična in Slovenia, where iron was smelted and forged. To the west, wealthy and powerful chiefs and their re- tainers ...

small townships evolved into great cities from the beginning of the fourth to the beginning of the third century b.c.e. Th e dis ...

In other instances towns and villages were built in the absence of preexisting settlements. In such cases, religious authorities ...

Neighboring Anasazi and Mogollon cultures also seem to have shift ed from hunting and gathering to more seden- tary modes of liv ...

resistant to insects and decay. Th is natural resource became the foundation of Lebanese trade with other nations around the Med ...

Carthage, founded on the northern coast of Africa (in modern-day Libya) in 814 b.c.e. by Phoenician traders from the city of Tyr ...

But evidence from tombs indicates that even in times of strong central control, semiorganized barter did exist, particularly alo ...

fi rst millennium b.c.e. also has redistributive features and had a negative eff ect on commercial long-distance trade. Finally, ...

once trade contacts with China had been established during the Roman period. ASIA AND THE PACIFIC BY KIRK H. BEETZ Trade helped ...

Much of later Indian history focuses on the spread of Aryan nomads and their Vedic culture southward through India. Th ese nomad ...

fl int in northern areas), the exchange system was probably based on simple down-the-line trade involving balanced reci- procity ...

suggest a more unstable and less ordered society, a social framework that would typify the next archaeological pe- riod: the Iro ...

MAGNAGRAECIACroton Ancient Greek trading routes extended throughout the Mediterranean. 1104 trade and exchange: Greece 0895-1194 ...

became common for coins to be made of silver and for Greek city-states to monopolize their formation. Th e Athenian his- torian ...