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on telecom operators world-wide have become aware of its great potential and they study it and investigate ways and means for it ...

Telektronikk 2/3.2001 1 Introduction The Internet Protocol (IP) has gained a phenom- enal place in telecommunications in the lat ...

tion in the routers. Hence, the value is often used as a hop counter. The Protocolfield specifies the higher-level protocol (e.g ...

A number of options can be included, contained in the Optionsfield. These options are for exam- ple used for testing and fault d ...

Another feature with IPv6 is that so-called jumbograms can be supported by using the hop- by-hop extension header (normal packe ...

Encapsulating security payload header, see [RFC2406]. Destination options header to be processed only by the final destination. ...

(destination unreachable, packet too big, time exceeded, parameter problem) and informational messages (echo request, echo reply ...

5.1 TCP Format The unit of transfer between two TCP layers is frequently called a segment. Segments are ex- changed to establish ...

When a segment has been transmitted by the sender, a timer is started. If this timer expires before the data in that segment is ...

illustrated in Figure 11 (one maximum segment size is assumed to be equal to 8 kbyte). The con- gestion window continues to grow ...

Karn’s algorithm, a feasible approach is not to update RTTon segments that have been re-trans- mitted, but instead double the re ...

the round-trip delay. An observation is that the receiver’s window should be at least as great as this product. If this window i ...

is to complete the transaction by exchanging a few segments in each direction, thereby reducing overhead by explicit connection ...

Sender adaptation; when an ACK message acknowledges a number of data segments, one could equate it to the same number of ACK me ...

option in Figure 16). In both cases, the requester forms a query that includes the name to be resolved, in addition to other fie ...

part (before the first period) has a similar mean- ing. However, more “fields” are commonly needed to identify precisely the “ar ...

there), or selective flooding (sending on outgoing links going approximately in the requested direction). Flow-based routing; t ...

6.2.2 Routing Protocols The original core routers in the ARPANET used a protocol call the Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol (GGP) to e ...

BGP applies a “hop-by-hop” routing; a BGP router only advertises the routes to its neigh- bours (in neighbouring domains) that i ...

[RFC1268] IETF. 1991. Rekhter, Y, Gross, P. Application of the Border Gateway Protocol in the Internet.(RFC 1268.) [RFC1323] IET ...