Tropical Forest Community Ecology

262 A. Elizabeth Arnold Box 15.4 Are endophytes a distinct group? Endophytic fungi of tropical trees are distinct from arbuscula ...

Endophytic Fungi 263 based on only the most common – and perhaps most generalist – species (Arnold and Lutzoni 2007). It is not ...

264 A. Elizabeth Arnold plausible that the most important ecological roles of endophytes are manifested with regard not to the p ...

Endophytic Fungi 265 ENDOPHYTES AS MUTUALISTS A third and non-exclusive possibility is that plants benefit from the presence of ...

266 A. Elizabeth Arnold detected. However, the systemic defense hypoth- esis is generally not supported by field observa- tions: ...

Endophytic Fungi 267 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Damaged lamina Undamaged lamina 0 25 50 75 100 ...

268 A. Elizabeth Arnold defined by only a few square centimeters of a leaf lamina, and leaves may in turn serve as provinces wit ...

Endophytic Fungi 269 tropical tree.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America100, 15649–156 ...

270 A. Elizabeth Arnold Guo, L.D., Huang, G.R., Wang, Y.et al. (2003) Molec- ular identification of white morphotype strains of ...

Endophytic Fungi 271 caused byBotryosphaeria dothidea.Plant Disease85, 745–749. Mangan, S.A., Eom, A.H., Adler, G.H.et al. (2004 ...

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Section 4 ANIMAL COMMUNITY ECOLOGY AND TROPHIC INTERACTIONS ...

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Chapter 16 Tropical Tritrophic Interactions: Nasty Hosts an dUbiquitous Casca des Lee A. Dyer OVERVIEW In the tropics, the high ...

276 Lee A. Dyer interactions between living and detrital food webs (Dyer and Letourneau 2003), induced defenses (Fialaet al. 198 ...

Tropical Tritrophic Interactions 277 of specialization, strong predation, toxic food, and indirect mutualisms are true.This is a ...

278 Lee A. Dyer Southwood 1978, Dyer 1995, Camara 1997a, Singeret al. 2004a). In tropical wet forests, if herbivores really are ...

Tropical Tritrophic Interactions 279 been tested in the tropics with predators (Dyer and Floyd 1993, Dyer 1995, 1997) and para- ...

280 Lee A. Dyer TROPHIC CASCADES Definitions The term “trophic cascades” has been defined in many ways, which has created proble ...

Tropical Tritrophic Interactions 281 ecological systems from strong top-down effects of predators (Strong 1992, Polis and Strong ...