INDEX 273Koran, Surah IX:5,212, 223, 248;28,
11;29,214;39, 213
Koran, Surah XXI:98-105,219–20
Koran, Surah XXVII:88-91, 220
Koran, Surah XXII:24, 215
Koran, Surah XLVII:4,205;5,220, 232
Koran, Surah XLVIII:19-22, 224
Koran, Surah LVII:13, 215
el-Kortaı ̈m, Seyd Muhammad, Sherif,
70–71
Kosovo, Battle of, 95–96
Krak des Chevaliers, 253 n.1
Krudener, General, 126
Kutb-ud-din, 56
Kuwait, Iraqi attack on, 197
Kuwait City, 197, 199–200
Ladislas, King of Hungary, 98, 99
Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle of, 86–87,
89
Latrun, attack on, 176–77
Lausanne Peace Conference, 131–32
La Valette, Knight of St. John, 146–47
Lazar, King of Serbia, 95–96
Lazarevich, Stephen, 96
Leon, kingdom of, 83–84
Leopold of Austria, 114–15
Lepanto, Battle of, 148–50, 152
Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 157–58
Lodi, Sultan Ibrahim, 58
loot and looting: in battle, 8, 11; by the
French, 72–73; as motivation, 5; as
revenue, 30, 110, 209
losers, fate of: in Afghanistan, 196; in
Constantinople, 214; in Damascas, 67,
68–69; in France, 82; in Hungary, 104;
during the Islam expansion, 227–29,
231–32; killing of prisoners, 97; in the
Koran, 211, 219–21; in Persia, 20
Louis VII King of France, 43
Louis IX, King of France, 47, 64, 239–40
Louis XIV, King of France, 116
Louis II, King of Hungary, 104
MacGahan, J. A., 123–25
Mahatma Gandhi, 242
mahdi, concept of, 160, 169 n.1
Mahdi (Muhammad Ahmad), 160–65
Mahmud, Emir, 167
Mahmud II, Sultan, 111
Mahmud of Ghazni, 54–55, 61, 223–24
Mahmud (son of Zumurrud), 42–43
Mahmut, Ottoman sultan, 120
Majnoon Island, gas use on, 191
Malik Kafur, 57
Malkisah, 92–93
Malta, attack on, 146–48, 151
Malta, blockade of, 146–47
Mamluks, 118–19; battles of, 64–65,
66–67; composition of, 67; control of
Egypt, 70; cooperation with Assassins,
239; customs of, 111–12; decline of
empire, 69–70; defeat by Mongols, 93;
fall of empire, 67–68; rule of Egypt,
64, 66; system, 63–64, 67–68, 78–79
Mangu Khan, 239
Mangu Timur, 66
Manuel, Emperor of Constantinople, 44
Manzikert, Battle of, 37, 92, 106
Marj Dabig, Battle of, 69, 79
Martel, Charles, 82–83
martyrdom, 245
Martyrs’ Foundation, 193
Martyr’s Fund, 242
massacres: after WWI, 132; of
Armenians, 135–36, 231–32; at
Bilbeis, 45; at Cyprus, 222; in
Damascus, 67, 68–69; early, 221–22;
in India, 222–24
Massoud, Shah, 197
Maude, General, 131
Mecca, 2–3, 14, 74
Medina, 3–4, 148
Mehmed Suluk, 149
Mehmet II “The Conqueror,” 99–101,
106, 112–13
Mehmet III, Sultan, 113
Mehmet IV, Sultan, 116