Islam at War: A History

INDEX 275

Operation Gibraltar, 185–86
Operation Jerusalem, 190
Operation Restore Hope, 252
Operation Undeniable Victory, 189–90
Ordono II, King of Leon, 83–84
Orhan Gazi, Sultan, 93–94, 94, 95, 106
Orlov, Alexei, Russian Admiral, 76
Orsova, Battle of, 99
Orthodox Church, 33, 76
Osman Bey, 93, 106
Osman Digna, 163, 167
Osman Pasha, 122, 125
Othman, Caliph, 33, 208
Otranto, capture of, 145
Ottoman empire: army of, 109–10;
Christian missionaries in, 135;
contributions of, 137; decline of, 105;
in Egypt, 69–70; extent of, 112; feudal
nature of, 138–39; food shortages in,
117; losses to Austrians and Russians,
118; successes of, 257–58

Padmani, princess, 56–57
Pakistan: civil war, 186–87; leadership
in, 188; wars with India, 185–88
Palestine: conflicts in, 122; Hamas in,
244–45; immigration of European Jews
in, 173; suicide bombers in, 242.See
alsoJerusalem
Panjshir Valley, Soviet offensive in, 197
Pasdaran (religious militia), 189–91, 192
Pashtunwali(Afghan behavior
guidelines), 194
patricide, 53
Pattimura, 154
Peace of Paris, 123
Pelusium, siege of, 31–32
Persian Empire, 15–16, 17–18, 18, 51
Peshawar, Battle of, 54–55
Peter Bartholomew (priest), 40
Peter the Great, 117, 140
Peter the Hermit, 38–39, 49
Peterwardin, Battle of, 117
Pharaohs’ Fortress, 71

Philip of Montfort, 239

Phillip Augustus, King of France, 46–47,

49

pilgrims, non-Muslim, 11

Pius V, Pope, 148

Plassey, Battle of, 60, 62

Plevna, Battles of, 125–26, 140

Portugal, naval dominance of, 69

prisoners, killing of, 98, 100, 104

Prophet’s Mosque, stripping of, 75

Pyramids, Battle of, 72, 79, 119

Qadasiya, Battle of, 23–24, 35

Qalaoon, Mamluk sultan, 66, 79

Qalawun, Mamluk King of Egypt, 47

Qasim, 61, 223–24

Qilbah, location of, 5

Qutb ud din Aibak, 226

Qutuz, Sultan, 64–65

Radowitz, Wilhelm, 136–37

er-Rahman, Abd, 82–83, 88

er-Rahman II, Emir Abd, 83–84

Rana of Udaipur, 58

al-Rantisi, Dr. Abdel Aziz, 245

Rashid ed-Din Sinan of Basra (Old Man

of the Mountain) , 237–38, 240

RaÛuf Pasha, 161

Raymond II of Tripoli, 237

Raymond of Antioch, 43

Reconquista,wars of, 83–87

regicide, 41, 56, 64, 65.See also

fratricide

Reis, Turgut, 146

religious purification, 10

Resit Mehmet Pasha, Grand Vizier,

120–21

revenge killings, 208

Revolutionary Guards, Iraq, 189–90

Reynauld of Chaˆtillon, 46

Rhodes, campaign against, 103, 107, 146

Richard I, King of England (Lionheart),

46–47, 49

Rio Salado, Battle of, 87, 89