Microsoft Word - 00_Title_draft.doc
Figure 2a - Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD), 2001 Figure 2b - Defence R&D in government budgets, 2002 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2, ...
Experimental development is systematic work, drawing on existing knowledge gained from research and/or practical experience, wh ...
functioning (dynamic) innovation system, and the two terms should therefore not be treated as one term but rather as two interde ...
Postgraduate students at the PhD level and their activities are sometimes R&D and sometimes not. The important part to remem ...
on the funder rather than the performer. This essentially involves identifying all the budget items involving R&D and measur ...
finance the same amount (for instance in the Netherlands the government finances 5.2 pct. in the business sector whereas the bus ...
Figure 5a - EU15 vs. USA tax pressure Figure 5b - EU15 vs USA marginal tax rates 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1990 1995 2000 20 25 30 35 ...
As a simple benchmark a proportional (wage) income tax may be used. Raising the tax to finance incremental government outlays re ...
Box 2 - Citations “Currently, we do not have the robust and reliable ..tools..to state with any certainty what the benefits of ...
that smaller countries benefit more from foreign R&D than larger ones. This might be because researchers from small countrie ...
the sign of the true social cost-benefit analysis. The most important factors determining the outcome are: Additional R&D v ...
Figure 6a - Number of patents in "triadic"* patent families per inventor's country of residence 0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60, ...
To be able to value the published scientific articles (quality), one can examine how many times a certain publication has been c ...
The explanation of why the EU is lacking behind might be the slow economy but it might also be the small amount of investments i ...
Box 4 - Major structural R&D changes and reforms in the EU countries The table shows that all countries in the EU are workin ...
Appendix 1: Regarding the cost-benefit analysis, cf. box 3 Additional R&D volume Bang for the buck argument: How much addit ...
The projects that are supported by the government have probably spent some time applying for the funds. Furthermore, after recei ...
Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) announced substantial research investment in three new centres for science, engineering and te ...
coherent innovation policy. Primary objective is to transform new knowledge from universities into enterprise and growth. UK 200 ...
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