The Essentials of Biostatistics for Physicians, Nurses, and Clinicians
8.2 Simpson’s Paradox in the 2 × 2 Table 131 Here, the picture is quite different. The survival rate is much lower in the termin ...
132 CHAPTER 8 Contingency Tables So the investigators were right in thinking that the status of the disease had a confounding ef ...
8.4 Fisher’s Exact Test 133 close to other asymptotic and exact nonparametric tests. However, when some cells are sparse (i.e., ...
134 CHAPTER 8 Contingency Tables involve any conditioning on the marginal totals. As a historical note, Conover ( 1999 ) points ...
8.4 Fisher’s Exact Test 135 Use the above formula for the hypergeometric distribution to cal- culate the probability of these t ...
136 CHAPTER 8 Contingency Tables null hypothesis expects four mistakes. This test is naturally one sided, since the patient clai ...
8.5 Correlated Proportions and McNemar’s Test 137 were looking at mean differences, it was positive correlation that helped. McN ...
138 CHAPTER 8 Contingency Tables know if it is added to the nicotine patch group or the group counseling group. Table 8.9 is a 2 ...
8.6 Relative Risk and Odds Ratio 139 perspective, Friis and Sellers ( 1999 ). Both concepts are germane to contingency tables wh ...
140 CHAPTER 8 Contingency Tables situation, the relative risk is the same as the hazard ratio. This will be explained in Chapter ...
8.7 Exercises 141 In this study, we see that the interpretation of the odds is that the odds are 1.6 times greater that a nonsmo ...
142 CHAPTER 8 Contingency Tables Table 8.15 Relationship Between Reported Health Status and Smoker vs. Non-smoker Categories Rep ...
8.7 Exercises 143 Table 8.16 Relationship Between Race and Smoking Status Race Current smoker Quit smoking Never smoked Total Af ...
144 CHAPTER 8 Contingency Tables paired sulphoxidation (SI ≤ 6.0). The results are given in the 2 × 2 table below (Table 8.19 ). ...
145 The Essentials of Biostatistics for Physicians, Nurses, and Clinicians, First Edition. Michael R. Chernick. © 2011 John Wile ...
146 CHAPTER 9 Nonparametric Methods There is a price paid for this, however. That price is that some information in the data is ...
9.2 Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test 147 As previously mentioned, the test statistic is obtained by ranking the pooled observations, and t ...
148 CHAPTER 9 Nonparametric Methods the Wilcoxon test cannot reject the null hypothesis that the distributions are the same, the ...
9.3 Sign Test 149 9.3 SIGN TEST Suppose we are testing the difference in the “ center ” of two populations that are otherwise th ...
150 CHAPTER 9 Nonparametric Methods If we want to do a one - sided test with the alternative that p > 1/2, then we compute a ...
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