Philosophy of Biology

458 Robin O. Andreasen Racial typology, on the other hand, assumes that races are natural kinds defined according to essentialis ...

Biological Conceptions of Race 459 not share with the members of any other race — and this collection of traits is supposed to b ...

460 Robin O. Andreasen poses a problem for typological definitions in systematic biology; the problem is that, with the developm ...

Biological Conceptions of Race 461 breeding populations, all of which are very similar. Yet, because there can be slight differe ...

462 Robin O. Andreasen articulated by E. O. Wilson and W. L. Brown [1953]. Their arguments focused primarily on the use of this ...

Biological Conceptions of Race 463 for the nonexistence ofhumanbiological races. In a different sense, however, they are moreglo ...

464 Robin O. Andreasen will seen in the next section, a number of different phylogenetic conceptions have been offered. What is ...

Biological Conceptions of Race 465 will be important for understanding the arguments in this section. First it is often said tha ...

466 Robin O. Andreasen for human races to be biologically real. However, it is hard to know how much discordance is too much, an ...

Biological Conceptions of Race 467 race is an empirical question. Empirical data can come from a number of different sources — i ...

468 Robin O. Andreasen 5 ECOLOGICAL AND PHYLOGENETIC CONCEPTIONS OF RACE The three global arguments discussed in the previous se ...

Biological Conceptions of Race 469 of very few characteristics.^23 Third, geographical races are typically allopatric population ...

470 Robin O. Andreasen earlier — namely, there is little empirical support for the application of this concept to humans. The id ...

Biological Conceptions of Race 471 subspecies in plants and insects — this is not how scientists in general typically think of h ...

472 Robin O. Andreasen confirmed branching structure, defines taxa solely in terms of common ancestry. Cladistic classification ...

Biological Conceptions of Race 473 productive isolation among human breeding populations. In addition to these data, Kitcher als ...

474 Robin O. Andreasen tionary trajectories but exist today as part of the larger population. Though this objection applies to K ...

Biological Conceptions of Race 475 reconstruction “have not simply been imposed on evolutionary history”. Citing Alan Templeton, ...

476 Robin O. Andreasen In response to Gannett’s other two worries — viz., her conceptual worry that defining races in terms of g ...

Biological Conceptions of Race 477 race concept. The main problem, here, is that skin color (and often other overt features as w ...