Thermodynamics and Chemistry
CHAPTER 8 PHASE TRANSITIONS AND EQUILIBRIA OF PURE SUBSTANCES PROBLEMS 221 (a)Use the Clapeyron equation to calculate the slope ...
CHAPTER 9 9 Mixtures A homogeneous mixture is a phase containing more than one substance. This chapter dis- cusses composition v ...
CHAPTER 9 MIXTURES 9.1 COMPOSITIONVARIABLES 223 Themass fraction, or weight fraction, of speciesiis defined by wi def D m.i/ m D ...
CHAPTER 9 MIXTURES 9.1 COMPOSITIONVARIABLES 224 9.1.4 Binary solutions We may write simplified equations for a binary solution o ...
CHAPTER 9 MIXTURES 9.2 PARTIALMOLARQUANTITIES 225 A binary solution becomes more dilute as any of the solute composition variabl ...
CHAPTER 9 MIXTURES 9.2 PARTIALMOLARQUANTITIES 226 of speciesidefined by Xi defD @X @ni T;p;nj§i (9.2.1) (mixture) This is th ...
CHAPTER 9 MIXTURES 9.2 PARTIALMOLARQUANTITIES 227 (a) (b) Figure 9.1 Addition of pure methanol (substance B) to a water–methanol ...
CHAPTER 9 MIXTURES 9.2 PARTIALMOLARQUANTITIES 228 Physically, this means that when a small amount of crystalline MgSO 4 dissolve ...
CHAPTER 9 MIXTURES 9.2 PARTIALMOLARQUANTITIES 229 A mixture of A and B B Figure 9.2 Mixing of water (A) and methanol (B) in a 2: ...
CHAPTER 9 MIXTURES 9.2 PARTIALMOLARQUANTITIES 230 Equation9.2.12is theGibbs–Duhem equationfor a binary mixture, applied to parti ...
CHAPTER 9 MIXTURES 9.2 PARTIALMOLARQUANTITIES 231 bc 0 0:20:40:60:81:0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 xB . .V =n/= cm 3 mol ^1 (a) bc 0 ...
CHAPTER 9 MIXTURES 9.2 PARTIALMOLARQUANTITIES 232 versusxB, as illustrated in Fig.9.3(b). ÅV(mix) is the integral volume of mixi ...
CHAPTER 9 MIXTURES 9.2 PARTIALMOLARQUANTITIES 233 the molar volume, so we can simplify the notation by usingVAandVBinstead. He ...
CHAPTER 9 MIXTURES 9.2 PARTIALMOLARQUANTITIES 234 ion. Consider an aqueous solution of a fully-dissociated electrolyte solute wi ...
CHAPTER 9 MIXTURES 9.2 PARTIALMOLARQUANTITIES 235 9.2.6 The chemical potential of a species in a mixture Just as the molar Gibbs ...
CHAPTER 9 MIXTURES 9.2 PARTIALMOLARQUANTITIES 236 of species and energy between the phases, and that effects of gravity and othe ...
CHAPTER 9 MIXTURES 9.2 PARTIALMOLARQUANTITIES 237 the system, and each species has a uniform chemical potential except in phases ...
CHAPTER 9 MIXTURES 9.3 GASMIXTURES 238 We recognize each partial derivative as a partial molar quantity and rewrite the equation ...
CHAPTER 9 MIXTURES 9.3 GASMIXTURES 239 9.3.1 Partial pressure Thepartial pressurepiof substanceiin a gas mixture is defined as t ...
CHAPTER 9 MIXTURES 9.3 GASMIXTURES 240 A(g) pDp^0 (A + B)(g) pADp^0 pDpACpB Figure 9.4 System with two gas phases, pure A and a ...
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