Thermodynamics and Chemistry

CHAPTER 4 THE SECOND LAW 4.4 DERIVATION OF THEMATHEMATICALSTATEMENT OF THESECONDLAW 121 b b b b A B C D !V ! T (a) b b b b A B C ...

CHAPTER 4 THE SECOND LAW 4.4 DERIVATION OF THEMATHEMATICALSTATEMENT OF THESECONDLAW 122 zero if the process is adiabatic. It giv ...

CHAPTER 4 THE SECOND LAW 4.5 IRREVERSIBLEPROCESSES 123 internal constraints will partition it into practically-uniform regions w ...

CHAPTER 4 THE SECOND LAW 4.5 IRREVERSIBLEPROCESSES 124 Tb experimental system Tres Tres ¶q^0 Tb experimental system Tb ¶q Tres F ...

CHAPTER 4 THE SECOND LAW 4.6 APPLICATIONS 125 zero, the entropy change of the experimental system is dS, the heat transferred be ...

CHAPTER 4 THE SECOND LAW 4.6 APPLICATIONS 126 relation is ÅS Z ∂q Tb (4.6.2) (irrevrev, closed system) During a reversible proc ...

CHAPTER 4 THE SECOND LAW 4.6 APPLICATIONS 127 4.6.3 Spontaneous changes in an isolated system An isolated system is one that exc ...

CHAPTER 4 THE SECOND LAW 4.6 APPLICATIONS 128 To evaluate the entropy change, we need a reversible path from the initial to the ...

CHAPTER 4 THE SECOND LAW 4.7 SUMMARY 129 limit. Consider an irreversible adiabatic process with workwirr. The same change of sta ...

CHAPTER 4 THE SECOND LAW 4.8 THESTATISTICALINTERPRETATION OFENTROPY 130 state 1 state 2 R reversible ¶q=TbDS Rirreversible ¶q=T ...

CHAPTER 4 THE SECOND LAW 4.8 THESTATISTICALINTERPRETATION OFENTROPY 131 of statistical mechanics, the results for an isolated sy ...

CHAPTER 4 THE SECOND LAW PROBLEMS 132 Problems An underlined problem number or problem-part letter indicates that the numerical ...

CHAPTER 4 THE SECOND LAW PROBLEMS 133 independent of temperature. Initially the system is in an equilibrium state at temperature ...

CHAPTER 5 5 Thermodynamic Potentials This chapter begins with a discussion of mathematical properties of the total differential ...

CHAPTER 5 THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIALS 5.2 TOTALDIFFERENTIAL OF THEINTERNALENERGY 135 5.2 Total Differential of the Internal Energy ...

CHAPTER 5 THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIALS 5.2 TOTALDIFFERENTIAL OF THEINTERNALENERGY 136 As explained in AppendixF, we may identify the ...

CHAPTER 5 THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIALS 5.3 ENTHALPY, HELMHOLTZENERGY,ANDGIBBSENERGY 137 Suppose that in addition to expansion work, ...

CHAPTER 5 THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIALS 5.3 ENTHALPY, HELMHOLTZENERGY,ANDGIBBSENERGY 138 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Josiah Willard Gibbs (18 ...

CHAPTER 5 THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIALS 5.4 CLOSEDSYSTEMS 139 dADdUTdSSdT (5.3.5) dGDdUTdSSdTCpdVCVdp (5.3.6) These expressions for d ...

CHAPTER 5 THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIALS 5.4 CLOSEDSYSTEMS 140 the dependent variable on the left side varies as a function of changes ...