Lubricant Additives
144 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications is the case in imide/amide dispersants. The basicity of the imide/amide disp ...
Dispersants 145 engines and gasoline engines that are subjected to severe service, such as long-distance driving for extended pe ...
146 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications have the ability to associate with soot. These can be additives or polar lub ...
Dispersants 147 lubricant oxidation and degradation, such as carboxylic and sulfonic acids. Fuel sulfur–derived piston ring wear ...
148 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications in nature, and depending on its molecular weight, dispersants can be classif ...
Dispersants 149 to form an alkenylsuccinic anhydride. The polar functionality is then introduced by reacting these substrates wi ...
150 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications anhydride copolymer or styrene–maleic anhydride–alkyl acrylate terpolymer wi ...
Dispersants 151 5.6.2 THE CONNECTING GROUP As mentioned in Section 5.5, succinimide, phenol, and phosphonate are the common conn ...
152 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications the reaction will stop at this stage. This is shown in reaction 5.3 of Figur ...
Dispersants 153 contain piperazines as a by-product. Examining the structures of various amines, one can see that they contain p ...
154 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications low free-amine content and better engine test performance than dispersants m ...
Dispersants 155 The methods to make DVMs are shown in Figures 5.13 through 5.15. These are synthesized by Grafting or reacting o ...
156 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications FIGURE 5.9 Manufacture of polyamines. H 2 C=CH 2 + CI 2 CICH 2 CH 2 CI CICH ...
Dispersants 157 5.7 DISPERSANT PROPERTIES A dispersant consists of a hydrocarbon chain, a connecting group, and a polar function ...
158 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications in some cases good thermal and oxidative stability, their use is advantageou ...
Dispersants 159 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH CH 2 m n + N Ethylene − propylene copolymer 4-Vinylpyridine Radical initiator CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 C ...
160 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications Because some of the materials with which the dispersant associates are acidi ...
Dispersants 161 butadiene and styrene ester–derived dispersant polymers. Purely paraffi nic hydrocarbon groups that contain tert ...
162 Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications viscosity [110]. Cranking viscosity is an indication of how easily the engin ...
Dispersants 163 diffuse into the seals. This will either cause a change in the seal’s hardness, thereby leading to swelling and ...
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