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6 Early atomic physics too much of an over-simplification. Sommerfeld produced a quantum mechanical theory of electrons in ellip ...
1.5 Moseley and the atomic number 7 dependence on principal quantum number and Chapter 2 gives a more quantitative treatment of ...
8 Early atomic physics ! ...
1.5 Moseley and the atomic number 9 had been accelerated to a high voltage in a vacuum tube. These fast electrons knock an elect ...
10 Early atomic physics Fig. 1.3The energy levels of the inner shells of the tungsten atom (Z= 74) and the transitions between t ...
1.7 EinsteinAandBcoefficients 11 radiate X-rays. Such a source can be used to obtain an X-ray absorption spectrum.^14 There are ...
12 Early atomic physics (^22) This treatment of the interaction of based on an intuitive understanding of the process. 22 atoms ...
1.8 The Zeeman effect 13 Einstein devised a clever argument to find the relationship between the A 21 -andB-coefficients and thi ...
14 Early atomic physics briefly mention the other three great breakthroughs and their signifi- cance for atomic physics. R ̈ontg ...
1.8 The Zeeman effect 15 The eigenvaluesω^2 are found from the following determinant: ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ω^20 −ω^2 −2iωΩL 0 2iωΩL ω^20 ...
16 Early atomic physics Fig. 1.6For the normal Zeeman effect a simple model of an atom (as in Fig. 1.5) explains the frequency o ...
1.8 The Zeeman effect 17 1.8.1 Experimental observation of the Zeeman effect Figure 1.7(a) shows an apparatus suitable for the e ...
18 Early atomic physics Light from the lamp is collected by a lens and directed on to an interference filter that transmits onl ...
Exercises for Chapter 1 19 This magnetic moment depends on the properties of the unpaired elec- tron (or electrons) in the atom, ...
20 Early atomic physics (1.3)Relativistic effects Evaluate the magnitude of relativistic effects in then= 2 level of hydrogen. W ...
Exercises for Chapter 1 21 orbital frequencyωgiven by eqn 1.4. Verify that this equation follows from eqn 1.3. (c) In the limit ...
The hydrogen atom 2 2.1 The Schr ̈odinger equation 22 2.2 Transitions 29 2.3 Fine structure 34 Further reading 42 Exercises 42 T ...
2.1 The Schr ̈odinger equation 23 where the operatorl^2 contains the terms that depend onθandφ,namely l^2 =− { 1 sinθ ∂ ∂θ ( sin ...
24 The hydrogen atom operators can be expressed in polar coordinates as: l+=eiφ ( ∂ ∂θ +icotθ ∂ ∂φ ) , l−=e−iφ ( − ∂ ∂θ +icotθ ∂ ...
2.1 The Schr ̈odinger equation 25 Table 2.1Orbital angular momentum eigenfunctions. Y 0 , 0 = √ 1 4 π Y 1 , 0 = √ 3 4 π cosθ Y 1 ...
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