Instant Notes: Plant Biology

number of cells in an embryo sac is four, eight or sixteen in various orientations, but in all types there is a single haploid e ...

Section D – Reproductive anatomy D3 The seed Definition The ovule matures into a seed before it is dispersed from the parent pla ...

The endosperm After the double fertilization of the ovule the first part to grow is the endosperm, normally consisting of triplo ...

coleoptilewhich grows beside it and forms a kind of sheath enclosing the shoot apex (Fig. 2). A similar sheath appears over the ...

Section D – Reproductive anatomy D4 Fruits Fruit structure The true fruit is a feature only found in the flowering plants since ...

differential drying in the fruit wall leads to an explosive break and twisting of the two halves of the fruit, dispersing the se ...

seed that is eaten by vertebrates. Some rodents and birds collect large numbers of seeds for storage, often by burying them, the ...

Section E – Physiology and regulation E1 Arabidopsis and other model plants Model plants Amodel organismis one studied by many s ...

● Small size. Arabidopsis can be grown easily in large numbers in plant growth chambers or cool greenhouses. ● Short life cycle. ...

Section E – Physiology and regulation E2 Methods in experimental plant science Key Notes Plant function and regulation was first ...

Early studies of plant physiology and development involved growing plants in various environments, applying stimuli or carrying ...

To understand a particular process within a plant, it is important to know the components involved and the ways that they are re ...

regulatory regions) analyzed and compared with the wild-type gene. Site- directed mutagenesisis used to deliberately alter these ...

and plants transformed to over- or under-express it or to express a mutant version, in order to analyze function further. Once a ...

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Section F – Growth and development F1 Features of growth and development Key Notes Growth involves cell division followed by cel ...

Growthoccurs when new cells and tissues are formed by cell division(Topic B6) followed bycell enlargement.Developmentis the proc ...

(cellulose fibrils) within the wall. The driving force for cell expansion is turgor pressure, which pushes the plasma membrane o ...

The position of the cell is likely to be important and endogenous chemical signals within the tissue are involved (Topics F2 and ...

Section F – Growth and development F2 Biochemistry of growth regulation Key Notes Plant hormones or ‘growth substances’ are comp ...