Music Listening, Music Therapy, Phenomenology and Neuroscience

Appendix 3.02 Survey of The Neurosciences a

nd Music I

I

Conference 2005

From Perception to Performance

Part III. Mental Representations

9 papers

Title, Category

Aim

Mus. Material, Cultural Ref.

Technology & Procedure

Main focus of interest

Conclusion

11. Tillmann (100

-110)

Tonal knowledge in nonmusicians

Cat. 13: Expectation

*12. Janata (111

-124)

Brain networks that track musical structure

Cat. 13: Attention

Cat. 1

8: Bodily i

mpact

13. Rauschecker (125

-135)

Neural encoding of sound sequences

Cat. 13: Anticipation

Cat. 14: Memory

14. Platel (136

-147)

Semantic and episodic musical memory

Cat. 14: Memory

Investigation of implicitly acquired tonal knowledge: musical e

xpectations in

nonmusicians

1) To i

llustrate that brain

responses to musical stimuli depend on tasks and methods 2)

To identify

brain regions

that follow the m

ovement

of a

melody through tonal space ’ To contribute to the

under

standing of processin

g

and storage of tone sequences in the cerebral cortex

To determine the neural substrates underlying the semantic and episodic components of music using familiar and nonfamiliar tunes

Recent study: Musical material played with instrumental timbres

or sung

with artificial syllables.

CR: Western

Recorded music:

1) Schubert

piano trio, 15 sec. excerpt

2) Composed melody that systematically moves through 24 major and minor keys CR: Western

Recorded music:

1)

Sound

tracks from each subject’s favorit

e CD

2) Repeated three

-tone

sequences

(ABA)

, variable

frequency separation between A and B

(SNI).

CR: Western /

Western popular

64 famili

ar and 64 unfamiliar

melodies,

5 sec, flute timbre

CR: Western

Priming paradigm: Relationships between priming con

text

and target

event are systematically manipulated. Speed of processing is measured

fMRI.

1)

Listeners orient their

attention to a single instrument or to the whole

2) Listeners perform a tonal

• 
  

deviance judgment task or a timbral-

deviance detection

task

1) Humans: fMRI during silent anticipation of next CD track 2) Monkeys: recording of single-

unit

neural

responses

to ABA tone patterns in primary auditory cortex

Nine healthy young men, common listeners.

PET during tasks:

1)

Semantic memory: is the extract familiar or not?

2)

Episodic m

emory

: Do you

recognize this

melody

from

task 1? 3) Control: Same or different final pitches? 4) Rest

Extensive review of research

.

Recent study: To i

solate

neural correlates of musical structure violation

1) Influence of task de

mands

on brain processes

2) Functions of the rostral medial prefrontal cortex (RMPFC)

. Correlation of heart

rate and respiration with Blood O

xygenation Level

Dependent (BOLD) response

in the brain

1)

Difference between

anticipating f

amiliar music vs.

waiting for unfamiliar music

2) Monkey neuron’s responses to one

-stream and

two-

stream perception

Activated brain regions; differences between hemispheres

Inferior frontal regions are sensitive to musical expectancy violations and involved in the processing of music

-syntactic relationships

1) Task demands shape the brain’s processing of music

.

2)

Significant

correlation of heart rate and respiration with BOLD.

Hypothesis: The RMPFC is

a

locus at which music and auto

biographi

cal memories

are bound together

.

1)

Anticipator

y musical

imagery activates

left anterior

prefrontal cortex

(Brodmann

area 10),

cerebellum

, and

other regions

.

2) Correspondence b

etween

changes in neural response and perception

1-2) Functional asym

metry in

favor of left hemisphere for semantic memory, right hemisphere dominance for episodic retrieval. 3

-4)

Bil

ateral activation in pitch

judg

ment, more on right side