Statistical Analysis for Education and Psychology Researchers

of U can be used. For example, assume the total number of + and − signs is 44, of which the first 21 are + and the remaining 23 ...

there are 9Bs 6Gs and 7 runs (runs are indicated by underlining). These data meet the assumptions underlying the one-sample runs ...

There are 21 Bs, 14Gs and 16 runs, as n 1 >20 the large sample approximation can be used. The researcher chooses a two-sample ...

cards; 35 16 21 14 ; Interpretation of Computer Output The SAS programme Runs. produced the following output: (^) One-tailed tes ...

particular if sample sizes are small, then the variance of the test statistic SR should be corrected for ties, The Wilcoxon M-W ...

Observations are compared which have been selected at random from an underlying theoretically continuous distribution, but meas ...

group where alcohol education was delivered in science vs. the other group where alcohol education was not delivered in science ...

The data meets the necessary requirements for this test: two independent random samples (need not be of the same size), ordinal ...

3 Select the test statistic SR which is the sum of the ranks for the smallest group (n). The twenty-two observations, ranked fro ...

Many statistical textbooks give special tables for the test statistic SR with upper and lower critical values for different comb ...

The data step begins in the first line where the internal SAS data set is designated a. On the second line two variables are spe ...

conclude that the two distributions are not significantly different and that the average of teachers’ estimates of active learni ...

differences is either greater or less than zero. The test statistic, T, is the rank sum totals for selected pairs of observation ...

Worked Example A student’s PhD study was concerned with teacher-pupil communication skills and part of the empirical investigati ...

3 Assign each ranked difference score either +ve or −ve indicating the sign of the difference it represents. 4 The test statisti ...

and Castallan, (1988). Table 5 in Appendix A4 provides small sample critical values for selected significance levels. Computer A ...

Interpretation of Computer Output SAS automatically performs a two-way test if a variable representing the difference between th ...

8 34.5 18 7.14143 2.31046 0.0268 This SAS programme is useful even for small samples (the z-value would not be used) because it ...

Statistical Inference and Null Hypothesis The Kruskal-Wallis test statistic, H, is sensitive to location shifts and under the nu ...

there were four groups of parents, but the data presented in Table 7.5 refers to only three groups, middle-class, working-class ...