The Sociology of Philosophies

aristocracy. Rinzai’s organizational basis became the provision of aesthetic high culture which linked all the rival elites into ...

transition within Buddhism. Previously, in the Kamakura period, Buddhism had not produced significant works in painting, sculptu ...

ized aristocracy produces the culture of lifestyle aestheticism. The respective “Renaissance” periods of Europe and Japan share ...

The Inflation of Zen Enlightenment and the Scholasticization of Koan The material expansion of the Zen lineages brought problems ...

their accession, it is apparent that a great deal of wealth was being extracted from the monastic economy by these officials. Th ...

state church, used for enrolling the populace under approved religious prac- tices. The fluidity of monastic careers which had o ...

when collecting multiple enlightenment certificates was prohibited, so that a disciple could be dharma heir to only one master. ...

last phase of Zen proselytization and as the creator of a new form of Zen exposition. His writings are meta-reflections on the p ...

displaced the more spectacular ones as Zen became routinized and flamboyant rishi-like masters no longer commanded much social c ...

A similar quality is found in the debates observed by Kenneth Liberman (1992) in Tibetan monastic practice. Here the contents ar ...

nificant distance from the old site at Kamakura, where the Five Mountains temples of the Zen hierarchy had formerly held sway. T ...

was not officially required until the 1790s (and then only in the bakufu’s own schools, a small portion of the whole), by which ...

Even so, Razan taught in clerical robes and tonsure, indicating how closely clerical status remained identified with the teachin ...

FIGURE 7.4. TOKUGAWA CONFUCIAN AND NATIONAL LEARNING SCHOOLS, 1600–1835 ...

1990: 270). The worldliness of the Zen establishment undermined its religious legitimacy; some of the criticism, both by wanderi ...

rival forms of schooling thereafter. Virtually all notable intellectuals were teachers of proprietary schools. Official state sc ...

just as in the comparable expansion of Chinese schooling after the Sung. The official Neo-Confucian orthodoxy decreed by the bak ...

this cultural marketplace came an outburst of the publishing business: again starting off in Kyoto, and expanding in the 1700s t ...

ened the split between worldly Confucianism and the sage religion of Ansai, rejecting both puritanism and otherworldliness.^28 T ...

Masayuki’s patronage academy is paralleled by another sponsored by his cousin, the Lord of Mito, Tokugawa Mitsukune.^31 At Mito, ...