451–455, 459–462; overview of debate
on contingency, 839–840. See also Spain
Islamic world, intellectual centers in, 510–
513; Baghdad, 380, 394–397, 401–408,
415–418, 420–422, 425, 429, 547;
Basra, 380, 395–397, 399, 406, 408,
411, 416, 417, 429; Nishapur, 408, 421–
423, 426, 429
Italy, 683–685
Jainism, 180, 187–188, 200–204, 212,
238, 253–255
Jansenists, 524, 528, 554, 585–586
Japan, 322–387, 447–450, 685–686,
996n23
Japan, intellectual centers in, 508–510;
Mt. Hiei, 327, 330, 331, 332; Kyoto
(Heian), 329, 330, 338, 348, 350, 353,
355, 356, 359, 363; Edo (Tokyo), 330,
347–349, 353, 355, 356, 358, 363, 364;
Osaka, 330, 348, 355, 363–363
Jesuits, 524, 528, 554, 561, 567–569, 571–
572, 577–580, 582–584, 586, 587, 604,
640, 654
Ju (scholars), 141, 143, 152, 154. See also
Confucianism
Judaism: diaspora, 120, 433; compared to
Hindu decentralization, 212; in Muslim
world, 407, 408, 417, 433–434; in
Spain, 432–446, 571; migrates into
Christian Europe, 477–448, 496–497; in
European secularization, 524, 627; in
Holland, 589–591
Kabbalah, 206, 478, 496–497, 501, 579
Kaitokudo, 362–363
Kalam (rational theology), 395, 397, 398,
402, 411, 413, 419, 422, 425–427, 439,
444, 451–454, 465, 808, 814, 839
Karaites, 413, 434, 436, 444. See also
Kalam
Kashmir Shaivism, 241
Knowledge, theory of. See Epistemology
Koan, 297–298, 320, 325, 332–335, 342–
345, 349
Kulturkampf, 370, 743
Kyoto School, 450
Language, 9–10, 486, 714–717, 725, 729,
858–859, 869, 947n2; Bhartrihari’s the-
ory of, 230–231, 821–822; ordinary,
719, 731–734, 750
Law: Greek and Roman rhetors, 118–119,
129; Hindu, 190, 209–211; in Japan,
363; Islamic, 401–402, 414, 455, 460,
461, 511–512, 801; in Europe, 455,
458–459, 475, 516, 577, 582, 641, 660,
664, 665. See also Hanbalis, Malikites,
‘Ulama
Law of small numbers, intellectual, 38, 42,
81–82, 380–382, 791–792, 876, 880;
fractionation of strong positions, 81, 87,
131–133, 213, 587; synthesis and syncre-
tism of weak positions, 81, 116–119,
131–133, 255–257, 279, 306, 335; cri-
ses of, and realignment of intellectual
factions, 90–91, 93, 97; in Greece, 91,
93, 103, 128, 137; in China, 146, 149,
151, 283, 296, 299, 312; in India, 177,
191, 195–202, 213–215, 216, 220, 255,
263; in Japan, 353; in Islam, 408, 432,
439, 446; in scientific revolution, 524,
534, 537, 563; in modern Europe, 587,
619, 621, 632, 637, 720, 783
Legalists, 148, 149, 151, 153, 155
Li (principle), 308, 309, 312, 313, 355,
358, 363, 364, 367, 787
Libertins Érudits, 529, 590
Libraries, 953n21; Alexandria, 93, 955n9,
956n19; Pergamum, 94; Rhodes, 94;
Chinese, 156, 158, 169; Nalanda, 227;
Córdoba, 439
Literature: in Greece, 82–83, 92, 95, 98,
102; in India, 212, 220, 227, 241; in
China, 301–302, 311, 316; in Japan,
350, 354, 364; in Islamic world, 425–
426, 434; in Europe, 493, 529, 530,
562, 565–566, 601–602, 605, 606, 608,
612, 626–627, 631, 636, 637, 640, 645,
661, 755, 775
Lin-chi sect, 296, 298. See also Rinzai Zen
Logic, 148, 486, 492, 493, 676, 700–701,
706–707, 713–714, 797, 808–810, 797;
Megarian, 98, 228, 811; Aristotelean,
102–103, 108, 118, 119, 228, 812;
Stoic, 106, 108–109, 126–127, 150,
701, 812; Epicurean, 114; Mohist, 145,
502, 832; Buddhist, 229–232; Jaina,
255; Islamic, 407, 408, 416, 418–419,
422–425, 426, 428, 809; Abelard’s,Index of Subjects^ •^1093