sustainability - SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry

Sustainability 2011 , 3 2069 Brandt, A. Oil depletion and the energy efficiency of oil production: The case of California. Sust ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 2070 Bøeng, A.C. Statistics Norway, Oslo, Norway. Personal communication, 2010. Hult, R. Norwegian Petr ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 , 1833-1854; doi:10.3390/su3101833 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 http://www.mdpi.com/journal ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 1834 areas with conventional resources are increasingly off-limits to investment by independent oil comp ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 1835 Figure 1.History of California oil production. Data from the American Petroleum Institute (API) [9, ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 1836 the Kern River field, who struggled with its heavy oil. He injected steam, air, and steam-heated ai ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 1837 Table 1.Pre-steam and post-steam maximum oil production levels in selected fields [8,11]. Field Pre ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 1838 Methods—Energy Return Ratios Based on a Bottom-up Life Cycle Framework This study quantifies the ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 1839 Figure 2.Three-stage energy capture, conversion, and consumption process. Extraction Fuel combustio ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 1840 EER= Eout Eext (2) In these equations,Eoutis the final refined product output,Eextis primary energy ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 1841 example, some of the final products from oil and gas extraction will in fact go to other energy ext ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 1842 Table 3.Data inputs to model of California oil production. Data input Source Scale Years Oil produc ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 1843 Figure 3.Drilling activity data: Yearly depth drilled over time in California oil industry. 0.00E+0 ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 1844 input diesel (LHV basis). For 1975 and 2005 engines, data from Caterpillar Repower brochure suggest ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 1845 Figure 5. Fractional water cut over time in California oil fields. Circles represent average over 3 ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 1846 3.3.4. Steam Injection for Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery Steam injection activity data were first r ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 1847 Figure 7.Expansion of cogeneration capacity in California TEOR operations [60]. Left axis is capaci ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 1848 period in the Low case and 5% per 10 year period in the High case. Thus, a refinery consumption mul ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 1849 Figure 8. Estimated energy return ratios for the California oil industry, 1955–2005. Functions used ...

Sustainability 2011 , 3 1850 Useful information can be obtained by comparing the values of NER and EER for a given process. Such ...