446 indexdefinition of, 187, 417
public ownership of, 59, 80, 114
during the Rightly Guided
Caliphate, 146–149
system of renting, 118–119
sawm, 412
Sayf-al-Dawlah Abùal-Hasan Ali
(d. 967 A.C.), 225
school of opinion. see ahl al ra"y
schools. see also education; universities,
293, 294
Schools of Law. seeŒanafìSchool of
Law; ŒanbalìSchool of Law; Màlikì
School of Law; Shafi"ìSchool of Law
science, 168, 322, 325
sea produce, tax on, 190
sects, 162
secularisation, 288, 326–327, 329
self denial , 7
self-naughting, 212
Semites, 2, 4, 19
Semitic language, 4
separatist movement. seeArab separatist
movement; Non-Arab separatist
movement; Persian separatist
movement; Turks, separatist movement
seven golden odes, 20
al-Shafi"ì, Muœammad Idrìs (d. 819
A.C.), 167
Shafi"ìSchool of Law, 167, 206, 237,
417
al-Shaibànì, Muœammad ibn-al-Œassan
(d. 804 A.C.)
on agriculture, 200–203
versus al-Ghazàlì, 253
the author, 197–198
on consumption, 376
critic on flùfìsm, 204, 214
Kitàb al-Iktisàb fi al-Rizk al-Mustatàb
(al-Shaibànì), 198–205
pre-empting the Physiocrats, 203–204
al-Sham. see also Syria, 206, 118, 121,
126, 132, 147
Shaqiq, AbùAli, 211
Shaqiq, ibn Ibràhìm ibn Ali al-Azdi
al-Balkhy, 219–220
Sharì"ah
adaptability of, 325, 406
and ahl al ra"y, 166
definition of, 417
development of, 32–36
diversion from, 307
Gamal al-Dìn al-Afghànìon, 321–322
al-Ghazàlìon, 252
and Islamic economics, 371
al-Màwardìon, 237
Muœammad Iqbal thoughts on, 325
during Ottoman Empire, 295–297
al-Ràghib al-A›fahànìon, 238–240
return to, 309
rules for public ownership, 59
during Samanìd rule, 231
Shah Wali-Allah on, 316
al-Shayzari, 262
Sheba, 11–12, 416
sheikh, 7, 417
Shem (son of Noah), 2, 4
Shì"ah faith. see also Shi"ìs, 224, 302
Shi"ìs. see also Ismàìlis; Shì"ah faith
during Bùwayhìd dynasty, 226–227
and civil war (656–661 A.C.), 164,
209–210
during Fatimid caliphate, 223
during Hamdànid dynasty, 224–225
in Iraq, 298–299
political struggle with Sunnis, 287
Siddiqi, Muœammad, 366
“al-Siddiqu”. seeAbù-Bakr (1st Caliph)
(d. 634 A.C.)
sifat, 37
Sikh religion, 307
Sikhs, 308
silver. see also coinage, 54, 248–249,
257, 387
Six-Day War, 329
Slaughter of the Citadel, 294
slaves, 255
social caring spending, 67, 73, 379
social justice
adàlah ijtima"iyyah, 373
in Islam, 43, 45, 66
in Islamic economic literature, 355
monetary policies and, 370
in pre-Islamic Arabia, 28
role of state, 80
Shah Wali-Allah on, 310
social responsibility, 61–62
social security, 358–359
societal caring, 7
Society of Islam (1941), 325
socio-economic justice, 77–79
sole proprietorship, 142
Solomon, King, 11
South Arabia, 3, 10–15
Spain, 129
specialisation, 141, 202, 205, 242, 256
spending
on charity, 69
on consumable goods, 68
consumer behaviour, 67