448 index
during Righty-Guided caliphate, 98,
104, 105–106, 108–114, 118
during Umayyad caliphate, 149–153
technology, 322, 325
Thailand, 336–337
theft, 57
al-Tirmizi, Abù'ÌsàMuhammad
(d.892 A.C.), 35
trade
barter transactions, 54–55
under caliph Ali ibn Abi-Taleb, 123
and cooperation, 141
establishment of foreign
communities, 299–301
financed by the IDB, 334
Ibn Khaldùn on, 281
monetary transactions, 54–55
in pre-Islamic Arabia, 21–24, 25
and Ribà, 23, 48, 49, 50, 51
routes, 14, 129, 139–142, 299
al-Shaibànìon, 203–204
specialisation in, 141
during Umayyad caliphate, 138–142
Trajan, Emperor, 15
Treatise in al-Kharàj (Abù-Yùsuf ), 171–197
Treatise on Earning and Asceticism
(al-Muœàsibì), 211–212, 214–221
trusteeship, concept of. seeownership
by trusteeship
Tulùnid dynasty, 228–229
Tunesia, 135
Turgot, A. R. J., (d. 1781), 204
Turkish separatist movement, 228
Turks, 128, 226, 228–230
twakkul, 211, 212, 218
twàkul, 218
ujrah, 418
Ulama"
Ahmad Ibn-Idrìs on, 317–318
and consensus of opinion, 36
definition of, 418
at the First International Conference
on Islamic Economics, 338–340
involvement in state affairs, 288
during Ottoman Empire, 295–297
during flafawìd dynasty, 304
during Saffarìd dynasty, 231
and Shì"ah faith, 304–305
Ulùm al-Dìn, 168
Ulùm al-donia, 168
Umar I ibn al-Khattàb (2nd Caliph)
(d. 644 A.C.)
and agriculture, 136–138
death of, 116
and death of Muœammad, 93–94
on economics, 103–116
and Islamic conquest, 135–136
on ownership conquered lands, 59,
80, 104–106, 137–138
principles on distribution of wealth,
109
on Riddah, 97
state revenue, 83
taxes imposed by, 110–114
traits of, 99–101
on wealth, 109
Umar II ibn Abel-Azìz (d. 720 A.C.),
33–34, 145, 149, 150, 156
Umayyad caliphate
administrative reforms during, 130–134
and dynastic system, 126–127
extravagant lifestyle during, 208, 211
ijmà"during, 36
monetary reforms during, 134–135
trade during, 139–142
urbanisation during, 135–136
ummah, 92, 342, 418
Umre ibn-Bari"a, 132
unemployment, 107–108, 204, 241,
242
Unified Sharì"ah Commission, 403
United Kingdom, 301, 318, 323, 343
United States, 342–343
unity, concept of, 37–38, 373
universal love, 306
universal peace, 306
universities. see also education; schools
al-Azhar University, 224, 231–232, 352
Cairo University, 354
Christian universities, 293
International Centre for Research in
Islamic Economics (ICRIE), 340–341
International Islamic Universities
(IIUM)(Malaysia), 343–345
International Islamic Universities
(IIU)(Pakistan), 345–346
King Abdul-Azìz University, 338,
340–341
University of Fouad I, 354
University of Saint Joseph (Beirut), 293
urbanisation, 5, 126, 135–136
'Urbùn, 418
'urf, 36, 411, 418
ushr land (kharàj tax)
conversion to kharàj, 189