Microbiology Demystified

Memory cellsare also produced when a B cell is stimulated by an antigen. A memory cell provides the organism with long-term immu ...

Lasting Immunity When antigens are first encountered, the primary immune responseoccurs caus- ing an increase in the antibody ti ...

Cytokines used for communication between leukocytic cells are called interleukins. There are 17 known interleukins that are iden ...

the antigen in a primary immune response, while others become memory cells and take on a secondary immune response role when the ...

Quiz What triggers the immune response when a foreign substance invades the body? (a) Acquired immunity (b) Antigen (c) Antibod ...

(c) beta globulin (d) antibody degrade What immunity uses antibodies in extracellular fluids? (a) Antibody-mediated immunity (b ...

15 CHAPTER 223 Vaccines and Diagnosing Diseases Would you pay your doctor to inject you with the flu virus? Of course not, but t ...

vaccine stems from the variolation process that was used in eighteenth-century England to protect people from smallpox. The vari ...

Inactivated whole agent. These vaccines are not designed for people who have an abnormal immune system. The inactivated whole ag ...

use recombinant vaccines because they do not need an animal host to grow the microorganism. An example is hepatitis B. Diagnosin ...

Indirect agglutination test.Soluble antigens are absorbed onto the surface of latex spheres where they react to antibodies. Thi ...

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This is an objective test for either antigens or antibodies using a reagent. There ar ...

What type of vaccine contains a live antigen? (a) Attenuated whole agent (b) Inactivated whole agent (c) Toxoids (d) Subunit Wh ...

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16 CHAPTER 231 Antimicrobial Drugs Probably the first thing you ask for when you’re sick is a pill to make you feel better. Typi ...

The chemotherapeutic agent must do two things. First, it must only cause minimal damage (or no damage) to host tissues. Ahostis ...

substance that a microorganism produces, in small amounts, that inhibits the growth of another microorganism. Therefore, penicil ...

SPECTRUM OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY: SOME BAD GUYS GET AWAY The number of different types of pathogenic microorganisms that an an ...

The Attack Plan As previously discussed in this chapter, an antimicrobial drug uses one of two strategies to combat a pathogen. ...

Chloramphenicolinterferes with the 50S subunit by preventing peptide bonds from forming. Erythromycinis a narrow-spectrum antibi ...