The Facts on File Companion to British Poetry Before 1600

versions; however, most scholars today agree that com- bining the two is most warranted. In this version, Robin, feeling ill dur ...

(there are more than 100 extant romances). The manu- script evidence shows the social and geographical diversity of the medieval ...

ROMAN DE BRUT (GESTE DES BRET- ONS) WACE (1155) This poem by the ANGLO-NOR- MAN poet WACE consists of 14,866 lines in rhymed oct ...

of British legends and the highly developed Arthurian romances of succeeding centuries. FURTHER READING Weiss, Judith, ed. Wace’ ...

history. Its intricately engraved faces feature biblical scenes as well as verse fragments in Latin. Most sig- nifi cantly, 156 ...

C D 351 SARACEN The word Saracen is an English adapta- tion of the Greek word sarakenos (easterner). It was used commonly in med ...

Estates satire continued into the 15th century with ALEXANDER BARCLAY’s popular Ship of Fools (1509), a translation of a German ...

others—though long used, is somewhat of a misno- mer. These poets wrote in a different time and place than GEOFFREY CHAUCER, and ...

and demonstrates the transience of earthly prosperity, fi nding true happiness in Christian values. However, “The Seafarer” insi ...

of a sestina focuses on the repetition, in all its STANZAs, of the same six words at the ends of the lines, with the last word o ...

(pride, wrath or anger, envy, avarice or greed, sloth, gluttony, lust). Gregory even suggested the mnemonic acronym SIIAAGL as a ...

from a love interest to an alluring political culture in order to morally condemn both its object and its effect. At the same ti ...

form a complete body of work. Because they seem so complete within themselves and because Shakespeare hints at such interesting ...

indicate that many readers found the address to a young man particularly problematic. The inability to identify the speaker conc ...

Richard Dutton and Jean E. Howard, 275–301. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2003. Vendler, Helen. The Art of Shakespeare’s Sonnets. Ca ...

for the child has the ability to reheat the blood made cold through age. Sonnet 2 fi ts in with the overarching theme of the fi ...

interprets the world surrounding and created through the text. Despite the name of the subset, procreation sonnets, the focus is ...

Crosman, Robert. “Making Love out of Nothing at All: The Issue of Story in Shakespeare’s Procreation Son- nets.” SQ, no. 4 (1990 ...

FURTHER READING Forker, Charles R. “Sonnet 12.” In The Greenwood Compan- ion to Shakespeare, vol. 4, edited by Joseph Rosenblum, ...

lost. How is this possible? Summer cannot last forever, but neither can spring, autumn, or winter. Humans may be beautiful, but ...