Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine 427Year Laureate(s) Discovery
1984 Niels K. Jerne (1911–1994; Denmark) Jerne: regulatory mechanisms of antibody production and function
Georges J. F. Köhler (1946–1995; Germany) Köhler and Milstein: monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)
César Milstein (1927–2002; Argentina)
1983 Barbara McClintock (1902–1992; USA) mobile genetic elements and genetic instability
1982 Sune K. Bergström (1916–2004; Sweden) prostaglandins
Bengt I. Samuelsson (b. 1934; Sweden)
John R. Vane (1927–2004; UK)
1981 Roger W. Sperry (1913–1994; USA) Sperry: specialized differences in the functions of the brain’s
David H. Hubel (b. 1926; USA) hemispheres
Torsten N. Wiesel (b. 1924; Sweden) Hubel and Weisel: mechanisms through which the brain’s visual cortex
receives and interprets visual signals
1980 Baruj Benacerraf (b. 1920; USA) genetic regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens
Jean Dausset (b. 1916; France)
George D. Snell (1903–1996; USA)
1979 Allan M. Cormack (1924–1998; USA) computed tomography (CT) scanning
Godfrey N. Hounsfield (1919–2004; UK)
1978 Werner Arber (b. 1929; Switzerland) restrictive enzymes and their roles in genetic functions
Daniel Nathans (1928–1999; USA)
Hamilton O. Smith (b. 1931; USA)
1977 Roger Guillemin (b. 1924; USA) Guillemin and Schally: hypothalamus production of “releasing
Andrew V. Schally (b. 1926; USA) hormones” that direct the functions of other endocrine glands
Rosalyn Yalow (b. 1921; USA) Yalow: radioimmunoassays to detect levels of peptide hormones in the
blood circulation
1976 Baruch S. Blumberg (b. 1925; USA) mechanisms through which infectious diseases originate and perpetuate
D. Carleton Gajdusek (b. 1923; USA)
1975 David Baltimore (b. 1938; USA) mechanisms by which viruses interact with cell DNA and RNA to cause
Renato Dulbecco (b. 1914; USA) transformations that result in tumor development and growth
Howard M. Temin (1934–1994; USA)
1974 Albert Claude (1899–1983; Belgium) cell components and composition and their effects on cell structure and
Christian de Duve (b. 1917; Belgium) function
George E. Palade (b. 1912; USA)
1973 Karl von Frisch (1886–1982; Germany) patterns of personal behaviors and social interactions as they relate to
Konrad Lorenz (1903–1989; Austria) healthy and unhealthy psychosocial states
Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907–1988; UK)
1972 Gerald M. Edelman (b. 1929; USA) chemical structures of antibody molecules
Rodney R. Porter (1917–1985; UK)