Mongolia in Perspective

Page | 21 imperial army conquered most of the northern Xiong-nu within a few decades after the split. The southern Xiong-nu stat ...

Page | 22 The Mongol Empires During the 10th century, the nomadic Khitans rose to power in northern China. They also controlled ...

Page | 23 Genghis Khan was born as Temujin, son of a Mongol tribal leader, most likely in either 1162 or 1167.110,^111 Temujin’s ...

Page | 24 outskirts of major European cities such as Venice and Vienna, withdrew to the southern Russian steppes. Here Batu was ...

Page | 25 The Yuan Dynasty In 1271, eight years prior to the final defeat of the Southern Song, Khubilai Khan declared himself f ...

Page | 26 Post-Imperial Mongolia The Oirat-Khalkha Division Many changes took place after more than 60,000 Mongols retreated bac ...

Page | 27 legacies was in the area of religion. After converting to Tibetan Buddhism (also known as Lamaism) during one of his r ...

Page | 28 the 1680s, the Oirat tribes in the west, under the leadership of Galdan Khan, attacked the weakened Khalkha. The Khalk ...

Page | 29 20th-Century Mongolia Autonomy and the Struggle for Independence The Qing Dynasty weakened during the later decades of ...

Page | 30 Mongolian leaders immediately established a constitutional monarchy, sharply diminishing the Bogdo Khan’s political po ...

Page | 31 After the subsequent purges of the Mongolian party leaders who had directed the ill-fated rapid collectivization progr ...

Page | alphabet became the standard script for written Mongolian in schools and the military during this time as well.^164 Choyb ...

Page | 33 them the ideas of perestroika (economic and political reconstruction) and glasnost (openness and transparency).^169 Se ...

Page | 34 The MPRP returned to power in 2000, lost parliamentary elections in 2004, and regained power again in 2008. That year, ...

Page | 35 Chapter 2: Assessment The Xanadu were a tribal confederation that emerged in the Mongolian steppes during the third c ...

Page | 36 Chapter 3: Economy Introduction Mongolia’s economy—reliant on the prices of commodities, such as minerals and cashmere ...

Page | 37 cattle/yaks, sheep) either declined or increased only slightly during this period. The severe zud in 2010, which led t ...

Page | 38 pesticides, machinery, and fuel.^191 As a consequence, by 2010 Mongolian farmers were producing less than 50% of the n ...

Page | 39 With the 2005 termination of the World Trade Organization’s Agreement of Textile and Clothing, however, Mongolia and m ...

Page | 40 Energy Resources...................................................................................................... ...