66 Finance & economics The Economist April 9th 2022
W
ar!famine!Death!aids! Thisis
how Bill Hicks, a revered comedian
who died in 1994, aged 32, riffed on the
disorienting effect of watching cable
news. Homelessness! Recession! Depres
sion! The shocking headlines come at
you relentlessly. But look out of the
window and everything seems calm. The
only sound is the chirping of crickets.
You start to wonder, said Hicks: where is
all this bad stuff happening?
A lot of bad stuff is happening just
now, most notably a war in Europe. There
is also inflation and growing fears of
recession. Government bonds have just
had their worst quarter for returns in
ages. The Treasury yieldcurve has in
verted: the gap between yields on ten
and twoyear bonds recently turned
negative, an early warning of a down
turn. The Federal Reserve is growing
more hawkish. Yet stocks are surprising
ly buoyant. Even after a few days fairly
deep in red ink this week, the s&p 500
index of stocks is only 7% below its
alltime high. This might look like a
foolish stockmarket failing to take its cue
from a more realistic bond market. But
the truth is more complicated.
There are lots of plausible explana
tions for the resilience of stocks. An
evergreen one is that there is no good
alternative to owning them. Investors
need to put money to work and American
stocks are the leastworst option. Bonds
are a snare. As long as inflation is expect
ed to exceed interest rates, they are a
surefire way to lose purchasing power.
The yield on tenyear inflationprotected
bonds is still negative even after the big
repricing in bond markets. The earnings
yield on equities is comfortably higher
than this real bond yield. And stocks
offer some protection against inflation
in as much as corporate revenues are
indexedtorisingconsumer prices.
In any event, the risk of recession in
America is not immediate. The Fed has
barely started to tighten monetary policy.
Even a rapid series of interestrate in
creases will take time to slow the econ
omy. The negative spread between ten
and twoyear yields is an earlywarning
signal, not a blaring alarm. On average,
recession hits more than a year after this
part of the yield curve inverts. In the
meantime, the equity market typically
goes up. Looked at in this light, the mes
sage to take is to hold stocks for now.
Underlying all these rationalisations is
a sense that equity investors do not quite
believe the Fed will follow through on all
the interestrate increases the bond mar
ket is pricing in. (Perhaps that is why the
Fed’s ratesetters are sounding more and
more hawkish in public.) One strain of
this belief gives the Fed too much credit: it
says it can easily conquer inflation with
out crashing the economy. Another strain
gives it too little credit: this school doubts
the Fed’s stomach to engineer a recession
for the sake of price stability. If the result
of such qualms is that inflation lingers
above the Fed’s 2% target for longer, then
so be it. That would be a bigger problem
for bond returns than for equities.
It is possible to pick holes in all these
arguments. But it is not quite right to
conclude that the stockmarket has failed
to adjust to new and harsher realities.
The bestperforming industries in the
s&p500 in the first quarter were those
likely to be resilient to stagflation: ener
gy, utilities and consumer staples. Mean
while, technology stocks—flagbearers of
the “secular stagnation” era of low in
flation and low interest rates—have had a
brutal few months. The violence of this
sector rotation away from tech has
caused remarkably few ripples in the
overall stockmarket. Nevertheless, equ
ity investors were mindful of the world
outside their window. The Bank of Amer
ica’s global fundmanager survey sug
gests that investors reduced the weight
ing of technology stocks in their portfoli
os as far back as November, notes Kevin
Russell of ubsO’Connor, the hedgefund
unit of the Swiss asset manager. The
stockmarket has been ahead of the bond
market on the risks of inflation, not
behind it, he argues.
A big question is how far all financial
markets are running behind the reality of
inflation. The phase during which asset
prices adjust to the prospects of tighter
Fed policy does not seem to have quite
run its course. And the pattern of the past
two years is for one market phase to give
way quickly to another. Everything is
moving faster these days. But the relent
lessness of scary financial headlines is
not a confection of the 24hour news
cycle. Instead it is a reflection of a super
charged business cycle, which looks
set—much like Bill Hicks—to burn
brightly and die young.
ButtonwoodDoubleglazed
Bonds signal recession. Stocks have been buoyant. What gives?
vestment banks to running an analysis
firm, also knows the current rally is differ
ent from past ones, which suggests the
downside may be less severe. Start with the
evidence of potential danger. Prices have
surged in America since early in the pan
demic, much as they have throughout the
rich world. In recent months they have ris
en by nearly 20% year on year, eclipsing
their heady pace before the global financial
crisis of 200709.
Far from deterring buyers, the rally has
only fuelled fomo—a fear of missing out.
The typical home sold in March was on the
market for just 38 days, down from a pre
pandemic norm of 67 for that time of year,
according to Realtor.com, a listings web
site (see chart on previous page). And sup
ply seems constrained. At the end of 2021
America had 726,000 vacant homes for
sale; in the two decades before the pan
demic that had never fallen below 1m.
One critical variable is now changing,
and rapidly at that, owing to the monetary
policy decisions of the Federal Reserve. Al
though the Fed has raised shortterm inter
est rates by only a quarter of a percentage
point so far this year, mortgage rates have
soared by more than 1.5 points as investors
price in more tightening to come. Normal
ly, such a steep increase would cool the
housing market, making monthly pay
ments increasingly unaffordable.
Yet thus far the redhot market has re
mained resistant to rising mortgage rates.
Partly that is because so many Americans
took advantage of the extremely low rates
available during the pandemic to take out
new financing. About 70% of homeowners
now have mortgages with rates of less than
4%, according to Ms Zelman. In 2018 just
about 40% enjoyed such low borrowing