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(c) 30. (c) 31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (b) (c) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (b) A - Whip or tongue grafting B - Wedge grafting C - Air ...

28.(A) (i) spermatogonia, (ii) seminiferous tubules, (iii) primary spermatocytes, (iv) secondary spermatocytes, (v) spermatids. ...

• Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. • It deals ...

• Immunity, first defined by Sir Mac Farlane Burnet, is the body’s ability to destroy pathogens or other foreign materials, a ...

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types of ImmunIty • The different types of immunity are given in the following flow chart: Innate immunity/non-specific defen ...

Table : Cellular barriers in internal defence mechanism Cell type Characteristics Location Image Mast cell Dilates blood vessels ...

Inflammatory reactions • Inflammation is a defensive response of the body to tissue damage. • The conditions that may prod ...

t-lymphocytes or t-cells • When triggered by antigens, T-lymphocytes produce a clone of T-cells such as : Cytotoxic T-cells ...

types of acquired immunity • Acquired immunity is of two types – natural or active and artificial or passive. • Active imm ...

AntIgens • Antigens are substances which, when introduced into the body, stimulate the production of antibodies. • Most an ...

Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) Antigens (Immunogens) Antibody is a protein molecule. Antigen is a protein or polysaccharide molec ...

Polyclonal and Monoclonal antibodies • Antibodies that arise in response to typical antigens are heterogeneous, because they ...

• Ability of B-cells to present antigen to helper T-cells is a second function of B-cells in response to antigenic stimulatio ...

infection of the same microbes, and is quicker, more intense than the primary one. ImmunoLogICAL dIsorders • The immune syste ...

• AIDS can be diagnosed by ELISA test and Western blotting test. Western blotting test is employed for confirmation of ELISA ...

Disorders Autoantigens Glomerulonephritis Kidney cell antigens that resemble Streptococcus bacteria antigens. Graves’ disease Th ...

• Vaccination only refers to the administration of a vaccine or toxoid, while immunisation is the process by which the body p ...

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte ...

(a) variable region of heavy chain (b) variable region of both heavy and light chain (c) variable region of light chain (d) cons ...