I-46 Index
Stomach, 202, 202f, 203f, 218f
acids in, 24–25, 24f, 200, 204,
207, 207f
n cancer of, 210
cell junctions in, 74
enzymes in, 59
enzymes released by, 205t
epithelial lining, 69, 69t
in food processing, 196f, 197, 197f,
198, 200, 200f, 207, 207f, 207t
hormones acting on, 59
hormones made by, 217
pH of, 200
n referred pain from, 269f
stretch receptors in, 207, 207f
structure and function of, 200, 200f
tissues and tissue membranes in, 75,
76, 76f
Stop codon, 410, 410f, 412, 412f
n Strains. See also Sprains
n of joints, 98
n of muscle, 114, 114f
Stratification, of sedimentary rock,
444, 444f
Stratified epithelium, 68–69, 69t, 79
Stratosphere, 477, 477f
Stratum corneum, 79
n Strength training, 116, 116f
n Streptococcal infections, 136, 136f,
173t, 190
Streptococcus bacteria, 136, 136f
Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, 190
n Streptomycin, 345
Stress
n and allergic reaction, 170
n and asthma, 189
n health effects of, 129t, 210, 297, 302
and heart rate, 135
n and herpes, 322
and immune function, 157, 429
student stress scale, 302
Stretch receptors, 207, 207f, 260, 267,
267f, 268
Stretch reflex, 246, 247f
Striation, of muscle tissue, 72, 104, 108
n Strip mining, 484
n Stroke, 111, 129, 151
Structural formula, of molecule, 19t, 20
Structural model, of molecules, 19t
Structural proteins, 32, 32t, 70, 348
Student stress scale, 302
Subatomic particles, 16–17, 16f. See
also Electron(s)
Subjectivity, 8, 9
Sublingual gland, 198, 198f
Submandibular gland, 198, 198f
Submucosa, in digestive tract wall,
197, 197f, 200f
Substance P, 245, 268
Substrates, 59, 59f
n Succession (ecological), 460, 461f
Sucking reflex, 340
Sucrose, 28, 28f
n Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), 121,
135, 136. See also Heart attack
Sugars. See also Blood sugar; Fructose;
Glucose; Sucrose
absorption of in small intestine, 205f
in ATP, 58, 58f
in blood plasma, 142, 142f
disaccharides, 28, 28f
in DNA, 28, 404, 404f, 405f, 408, 409t
functional groups in, 26, 26f
in nucleotides, 36
oligosaccharides, 28
and origin of life, 454
polysaccharides, 29, 29f, 70, 205t, 212
n refined, 212, 213
in RNA, 408, 409t
simple (monosaccharides), 28, 212
storage of, 29
table sugar, 28, 28f
Sulfhydryl group, 26f
Sulfur
in coal, 484
as component of human body, 16, 16f
n in diet, 215t
Sulfur dioxide, 25f
Sulfuric acid, 24, 25, 225, 476
Sulfur oxides, 476
Summation, of action potentials,
245, 247
n Sun/solar radiation
n and air pollution, 476
n and cancer risk, 435
n effect on skin, 79, 79f
n energy from, 4, 5f, 462, 462f, 478,
478f, 489, 489f
n exposure, and radiation, 429
n and global warming, 478, 478f
n and porphyria, 86, 86f
n role in ecosystems, 462, 462f, 464
n and vitamin D production, 78
n water cycle evaporation due
to, 465
Superior vena cava, 122f, 124f, 127,
127f, 341f
Supination, 97f
n Supplements (dietary)
amino acids as, 33
n antioxidants, 214–215, 214t
n regulation of, 33
n vitamins and minerals as, 15, 23,
214–215, 344–345
Surface barriers to infection, 79,
156, 160
Surface-to-volume ratio, of cell,
42–43, 42f
Surfactant, pulmonary, 184
n Surgery
n angioplasty, 134, 135f
n in assisted reproduction, 326
n blood transfusions and, 141
n for cancer, 281, 324, 325, 434n for cardiovascular disease,
134, 135f
n cataract, 281
n to control fertility, 316, 316t, 317f
n coronary bypass, 134, 135f
n dental, and cardiovascular
disease, 136
n for ectopic pregnancy, 333, 352
n gallbladder removal, 203
n gastric bypass/banding, 218, 218f
n hysterectomy, 320–321
n for kidney stones, 233
n for separating conjoined twins,
333, 333f
n for skeletal disorders, 98, 98f, 99
n and transfusions, autologous,
141, 147
n transplants, 155, 155f, 167, 233,
236, 238, 281, 385
n Surrogate mothers, 319, 319f
Survival of the fittest, 442. See also
Natural selection
n Sustainability, principle of,
486–487, 489
Sutures (skull), 96
Swallowing, 179, 183, 199, 199f
Sweat and sweating, 23, 79, 82–83, 82f,
83t, 224, 224t, 225, 236, 236. See
also Sweat glands
Sweat glands, 69, 78, 78f, 79, 82–83, 82f,
83t, 348
n Sweeteners, artificial, 271, 392
Swelling. See Edema; Inflammation
n Swine flu (H1N1 virus), 173, 190
Sympathetic nerves, 248f, 250–251,
250f, 251f
n Sympto-thermal method (rhythm
method), 316, 316t, 328
Synapses, 111, 111f, 244–245, 244f, 247,
247f, 266, 266f
Synaptic integration, 245, 247, 250
Synaptic vesicles, 244, 244f
Syndrome, defined, 390
Synergistic interaction, of
hormones, 286
Synergist muscles, 107
Synovial fluids, 96
Synovial joints, 96, 96f, 97f, 98–99
Synovial membranes, 75, 75f, 96, 98
n Syphilis, 320f, 321, 321f, 321t, 322t
Systemic circuit, 126–127, 126f, 127f
blood pressure in, 129
n Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),
157, 171, 171t
Systems of organs. See Organ systems
Systole, 124–125, 125f
Systolic blood pressure, 129, 129f, 129tT
Table salt. See Salt (NaCl; table salt)
Table sugar, 28, 28f
n Tachycardia, 135Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).