Exotic Brome-Grasses in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems of the Western US

380 framework can help build support for proposed actions or provide useful direction for future experiments (Low et al. 2010 ; ...

381 STSMs can help land managers determine appropriate strategies for resource allocation, including selection of management act ...

382 Treatment and monitoring effectiveness rates were derived from a survey of P. ciliare management practitioners. Five alterna ...

383 To our knowledge, the approach used by Frid et al. (2013b) using an STSM to simulate resource allocation to detection as wel ...

384 management strategy might be most effective. While other non-STSM modeling approaches could also consider similar questions, ...

385 experts’ own understanding of ecosystem dynamics was quantified and used to identify variation among experts. Uncertainty du ...

386 experts (0.73), followed by system stochasticity (0.12), and then the imperfect knowledge component (0.01). These results su ...

387 than ten are sampled in practice because few appropriate experts are available (Czembor et al. 2011 ). System stochasticity ...

388 it is also possible to incorporate imperfect knowledge through sensitivity analyses. Evers et al. ( 2013 ) tested sensitivit ...

389 outside the boundary of the Park (Provencher et al. 2013 ). The A. tridentata spp. vaseyana system occurs at higher elevatio ...

390 13.3.2.2 Range Shifts The replacement of “cooler or wetter” ecological systems and their indicator spe- cies by “warmer or d ...

391 The dominant ecological processes of big sagebrush models, fire, drought, inva- sive annual grass expansion, and tree expans ...

392 and preserve potential seasonal and multiyear climate patterns in the data, the 1950 to 1999 time series was wrapped around ...

393 All projections of temperature and precipitation were integrated into the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI; Palmer 1965 ; ...

394 13.3.3 Results Three uncharacteristic states of the A. tridentata spp. vaseyana model (coded as MSu to represent Mountain Sa ...

395 Fig. 13.7 The area of vegetation classes invaded by B. tectorum (ha) in the A. tridentata spp. vaseyana ecological system as ...

396 Fig. 13.8 The area of reference and B. tectorum-invaded vegetation classes (ha) in the A. triden- tata spp. wyomingensis eco ...

397 decades to detect climate change effects on the distribution of vegetation classes within an ecological system because in th ...

398 invasive upland and riparian species expansion, tree expansion, insect outbreak, flooding, subalpine spring freezing, snow d ...

399 and address increasingly larger landscapes. Future applications will require invest- ments in software enhancements to accel ...