Lee, Dr. Julie-Anne, 45
Lemurs, 354
Lens, 153
Leopard frogs, 401TL
Lepidopterists, 336
Less industrialized nations, 506
Levene, Phoebus, 218–219,
220–221, 228, 280
Life history, 492 , 496–498
equilibrial, 498
K-selected, 497TL, 498
natural selection, 497
opportunistic, 497, 498
r-selected, 497TL, 498
Life table, 494
Lindholm, Anna, 410
Line of descent, 341
Linear metabolism, 513
Lipids, breaking, 28
Lockjaw, 180
Locus, 365
Logistic growth, 477
equation, 477–478
slowing term, 478
Long-term ecological research
(LTER), 455
Loop of Henle, 114 , 115
Low-atmosphere ozone, 529
Lupus, 123
Luteal stage, 199
Luteinising hormone (LH), 172,
174, 194
Lyanga, Dr. John Jacob, 130
Lyell, Charles, 345, 347, 348
Lymphocytes, 126
Lysosome, 153
neuron, 147MacLeod, Colin, 220
Macleod, Dr. J.J.R., 121
Macro-evolution, 364
Macromolecules, 17 , 20 , 559
Macrophages, 126
Madagascar, 354
Major Histocompatibility Complex,
131
Malaria, 131
Male reproductive hormones,
194–195
Male reproductive system, 192–193
Malthus, Thomas, 346, 347
Manitoulin Island, 457
Marsupials, 353
Martin, Dr. Renee, 244–245
Mass extinction, 411
Matthaei, Heinrich, 254
Mayr, Ernst, 365
McCarty, Maclyn, 220
McGill nutcracker, 339
McGill University, 339
McGregor, Dr. Deborah, 457
McKormick, Robert, 343Measurement, 552
Mechanical isolation, 400
Medulla, 113 , 115
Medulla oblongata, 142
Meiosis, 557
Meissner’s corpuscles, 158
Melatonin, 182
Memory, 145
Memory T cells, 127
Mendel, Gregor, 218, 219, 241, 286,
365
Meninges, 143
Menopause, 187, 200
Menstrual cycle, 198 , 199, 200TL
Menstruation, 200
Merkel’s discs, 158
Meselson, Matthew, 233, 234
Messenger RNA, 257
Metabolic pathway, 42
Metabolic processes, 6–30
chemistry of, 6–30
valence electrons, 14
Metabolic rate
exercise, 77TL
molecular structure, 92TL
Metabolic reactions
endothermic, 38
exothermic, 38
Metabolism, 6 , 106
thyroid gland, 177
Micro-evolution, 364 , 369, 377
mutation, 377
Micrographs, interpreting, 279TL
Midbrain, 143
Miescher, Friedrich, 218, 219, 223,
229
Mimicry, 395
Mineralcorticoids, 185
Mis-sense mutation, 286 , 287
Mitchell, Peter, 76
Mitochondrion
ATP, 69–70
neuron, 147
Mitosis, 555
Moa, 353
Molecular biology and evolution,
356
Molecular polarity, 564
Molecular structure and metabolic
rate, 92TL
Molecules, 6
hydrophilic, 12
hydrophobic, 12
polarity, 28TL
water, 21
Moles, 21
Monarch butterfly, 362, 367, 431
Monoculture, 502
Monocytes, 126
Monod, Jacques, 273
Monomers, 17
Monosaccharide, 26More industrialized nations, 506
Morgan, Thomas, 289
Morphological species concept, 403
Morrison, Alison, 270
Mortality, 494
Motor nerves, 139
mRNA, 257
Mucopolysaccharides, 52
Muller, Herman, 289
Mullis, Kary B., 245, 295
Multi-gene families, 245
Murray, Dr. Gordon, 113
Mutagen, 289
gamma rays, 289
high-energy radiation, 289
ultraviolet radiation, 289
X rays, 289
Mutation, 286 , 365 , 420
causes of, 289
chemical, 289–290
chemical mutagen, 289–290
chromosomal, 287
cumulative, 290
direct repair, 291
environment, 378
excision repair, 291
frameshift, 287
genetics, 365
germ cell, 286
identifying, 291TL
micro-evolution, 377
mis-sense, 286, 287
nonsense, 287
physical, 289
physical mutagen, 289
point, 286
population, 378
predicting consequences of,
291TL
recombination repair, 292TL
repair mechanisms, 291
reverse, 290
silent, 286
somatic cell, 286
spontaneous, 289
transposons, 288
tuberculosis, 379TL
types of, 286
Mutualism, 488
Myelin sheath, 149
Myopia, 156
Myxedema, 178NADH dehydrogenase complex, 75
Natural killer cells, 126 , 130
Natural selection, 337 , 338, 339,
347, 383, 420
adaptation, 364, 393
competition, 484
directional selection, 383
disruptive selection, 384
diversifying selection, 384596 MHR • Index