Notes to Pages 96–99 / 139- For a discussion of how species determines the treatment of animals
in the lab, see Carbone, What Animals Want, chap. 4. - The Three R’s were originally proposed in 1954 by Charles Hume of
the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. A task force on humane treat-
ment of animals in research was formed. William Russell, a zoologist, and Rex
Burch, a microbiologist, were appointed to study humane experimental tech-
niques. Their work produced the 1959 volume Principles of Humane Experi-
mental Technique. - For the 1985 revisions, see Public Law 99-198 Food Security Act of
1985, Subtitle F, Animal Welfare, Dec. 23, 1985, Food Security Act of 1985,
Title XVII-Related and Miscellaneous Matters, http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/
legislat/pl99198.htm. - For the NIH standards for animal care and use in laboratories, see
Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Guide for the Care and Use of Labo-
ratory Animals. - The NIH relies on written assurances from funded institutions that
they are complying with standards for the acquisition and welfare of animals.
Research facilities can provide evidence of compliance by obtaining accredi-
tation from the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory
Animal Care. This private accrediting agency receives no public scrutiny and
site visit reports are confi dential, in contrast to the U.S. Department of Agri-
culture’s reports on Animal Welfare Act violations, which are publicly avail-
able government documents. For a thorough examination of the differences
between the Animal Welfare Act and the NIH guidelines, see Carbone, What
Animals Want, chap. 2. - The NIH did not respond to several inquiries about the proportion of
funding provided to experiments on animals. - Carbone points out that in many settings, animals have no federal
welfare protection. Although mice, rats, and birds are exempt from the Animal
Welfare Act, their care is regulated through NIH guidelines. However, these
guidelines apply only in federally funded research. Thus, facilities receiving
no federal funding and using only mice and rats bred for research are exempt
from regulation. Ibid. - Capaldo’s letter to the Houston Chronicle, dated October 16, 2001,
is posted at http://www.neavs.org/programs/avoiceforanimals/ltehouston
chronicle_10162001.htm. - PETA’s request to the NIH, dated September 22, 2005, is posted at
http://www.peta.org/mc/NewsItem.asp?id=7134. - PETA sent two letters to Johanns, on September 1 and 15, 2005.
The fi rst asks him to follow up on the status of the monkeys and apes in
research facilities at Tulane. The second, sent after the group learned about the
deaths of the LSU animals, calls for sanctions. The letters are posted at http://