I-14 Indexin phospholipids, 38
in triglycerides, 36, 38f
Glycine, 122t, 195, 196t
Glycogen
abnormal accumulation of, 58
conversion of glucose into, 119, 119f
as energy reserve, 120, 669, 680
enzymes and, 94, 95
exercise and, 378–379, 378f, 383
formation of, 117, 118f
hydrolysis of, 34, 36, 123
interconversion with fat and protein, 123, 124f
structure of, 34, 35f
Glycogenesis, 117, 117t, 118 f, 641, 669–670
Glycogen granules, 57–58
Glycogenolysis, 117, 117t, 118 f, 346, 669–670, 679
Glycogen phosphorylase, 97t, 117
Glycogen synthase, 117
Glycolipids, 54
Glycolysis, 107–109, 109–110f, 117 t
Glycoprotein hormones, 319, 319t
Glycoproteins, 44, 54, 70, 132, 414
Glycosuria, 143, 604
GM-CSF (granulocyte-monocyte colonystimulating
factor), 411
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), 322, 335
Goal-directed behavior, cerebral areas related to,
219–220
Goblet cells, 12, 629
Goiter, 343, 343f
Golgi complex, 52t, 55, 61–62, 61f, 70
Golgi tendon organs, 386, 389, 389f
Gonadotropic hormones, 332, 334, 709. See also
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH);
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
actions of, 336f, 337, 710–711
menstrual cycle and, 337, 729
priming effects of, 322
puberty and, 710–711
secretion of, 322, 337, 709–710, 710f
synthetic analogues of, 709
Gonads. See also Ovaries; Testes
formation of, 704–705, 704f
gonadotropic hormones and, 709–711
hormone secretion by, 40, 320, 709–711
hypothalamus and, 336f, 337, 710–711, 710f
pineal gland and, 348, 712
pituitary gland and, 336f, 337, 710, 710f, 727
Goodpasture disease, 15
G 1 phase, 74
G 2 phase, 74
G-protein-coupled channels, 186–189, 188f, 188 t
G-proteins
adrenergic receptors and, 254
in cell signaling, 155–156, 156f
in neurotransmission, 187–188, 188f
norepinephrine and, 192, 193f
in olfaction, 276–277, 278f
in retina, 301
in taste, 275f, 276
Graafian (mature) follicles, 725, 726, 726f
Graded contractions, 363, 374–375
Graded potential, 183
Gram-negative bacteria, 510
Granular cells, 606
Granular leukocytes, 408, 410
Granular (rough) endoplasmic reticulum, 60
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
(G-CSF), 411Glucagon
absorptive state, 679
autonomic control of, 679
functions of, 9
insulin and, 321, 345–346, 677–680, 680f
as neurotransmitter, 196t
pancreatic secretion of, 345–346, 347f
postabsorptive state, 679–680
regulation of, 677–679, 678f
secretion of, 9, 345–346, 346f, 643, 677–680
usage during exercise, 379, 379f
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), 647, 673
Glucocorticoids, 337–338, 340–341, 514, 686
Gluconeogenesis, 117t, 118–119, 123, 340, 346
Glucose
absorption of, 147, 147f
aerobic cell respiration of, 107, 108f, 111
in astrocytes, 170, 170f
capillary filtration of, 457
chemical structure of, 33, 34f
conversion into glycogen and fat, 119, 119f
digestion of, 650–651
as energy source, 123
enzymes and, 94, 95
exercise and, 378–379, 378–379f
facilitated diffusion and, 132, 143–144, 143–144f
fermentation of, 89
glucagon and, 677–680
in glycogenesis, 117, 117t, 118 f
in glycogenolysis, 117, 117t, 118 f, 346
in glycolysis, 107–109, 109–110f, 117 t
homeostasis of, 8, 8t
insulin and, 120, 345–346, 677–680
lactic acid pathway and, 109–110, 110f
metabolism of, 107, 111–116, 119–120, 123
molecular weight of, 138
negative feedback control of, 9, 10f
normal range in blood, 6t
phosphorylation of, 108
reabsorption of, 603–604
secretion by liver, 641
solubility of, 28
sources of, 107
sparing of, 123, 680
structure of, 33–34
transport of, 135, 136–137, 143–144, 650–651
in urine, 143, 603–604
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), 647
Glucose 6-phosphatase, 97t, 117–118, 118f
Glucose 1-phosphate, 117, 118f
Glucose 6-phosphate, 97t, 117, 118
Glucose tolerance, impaired, 683, 684
Glucose tolerance test, oral, 678–679
Glutamic acid (glutamate)
in astrocytes, 170, 170f
in drug abuse, 229–230
excitotoxicity and, 200, 222
in long-term potentiation, 200, 222, 223f
as neurotransmitter, 194, 196t
as nonessential amino acid, 122t
oxidative deamination of, 123, 123f
receptors for, 194–195, 199–200
taste of, 275
transamination of, 122–123, 123f
Glutamine, 122t, 170, 170f, 610
Glutathione, 669
GLUT transport carriers, 143–144, 171, 378
Glycated hemoglobin test, 684
Glycerol
gluconeogenesis and, 123General adaptation syndrome (GAS), 340
Generator potentials, 269, 269f
Genes
explanation of, 63
expression of, 63
recombination of, 79, 497
selfishness of, 702
X-linked, 703
Gene silencing, 79, 81
Gene therapy, 95
Genetic code, 44
Genetic expression, stages of, 63
Genetic recombination, 79, 497
Genetic screening, of neonates, 746
Genetic transcription, 63, 65, 66f
Genetic translation, 63, 68–71, 69f, 71 f
Geniculate nuclei
lateral, 226, 306, 308
medial, 226, 288
Geniculostriate system, 306
Genitalia, external, 706, 707f
Genital tubercle, 706
Genital warts, 497
Genome, human, 46, 63, 66
Genomic action, of steroids, 324
Genomic imprinting, 703
George III (king of England), 641
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), 624, 627
Germ cells (gametes), 702
Germinal cells, 705
Germinal centers, 444, 503, 516
Germ layers, 19
Gestational diabetes, 346
GFR (glomerular filtration rate), 588–590, 590t,
599, 600
GH (growth hormone), 332, 332t, 687–690
Ghrelin, 625, 673
GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone), 335
Gierke’s disease, 97t
Gigantism, 332, 689
Gilman, Alfred, 5t
GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide), 645
GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide), 647
GI tract. See Gastrointestinal tract
Glands. See also Endocrine glands
autonomic nervous system and, 244
in epithelial tissue, 12
Glans clitoris, 707f
Glans penis, 707f, 719 f
Glaucoma, 293
Glial cells. See Neuroglial cells
Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), 170, 171
Gliocytes, ganglionic (satellite cells), 166, 167t
Gliotransmitters, 171
Global Program to Eliminate Filariasis, 459
Globins, 408, 559
Globulins, 407
Globus pallidus, 215–216, 391
Glomerular basement membrane, 587
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, 586
Glomerular filtration, 587–589f, 587–590, 590t
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 588–590, 590t,
599, 600
Glomerular ultrafiltrate, 588, 589f
Glomeruli, 278, 459, 585
Glomerulonephritis, 521, 522, 522t, 523, 613
Glomus cells, 557
Glossopharyngeal nerves, 237t, 248, 274, 477, 555
Glottis, 536, 536f
GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1), 647, 673fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 14fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 14 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM