I-20 Indexsynaptic changes in, 222–224, 223f
working, 198, 221, 221t
Memory cells, 503, 503f, 508 f, 511, 516
Menarche, 711
Ménière’s disease, 282
Menopause, 734
Menstrual cycle, 336, 349, 728–734, 729–731f, 732 t
Menstrual phase, of endometrium, 732
Menthol, and cold perception, 271
Mercury, millimeters of, 476
Merkel’s discs, 270, 270t
Merocrine sweat glands, 15
Mescaline, 192
Mesencephalon. See Midbrain
Mesenchymal stem cells, 64
Mesoderm, 19, 738, 741, 741f
Mesolimbic dopamine system, 192, 193, 229
Mesonephric (wolffian) ducts, 705–706
Messenger RNA (mRNA), 46, 63, 65–66, 66f, 68, 71f
Metabolic acidosis, 568–569, 568–569t
Metabolic alkalosis, 568–569, 568–569t
Metabolic component, of acid-base balance,
568–569, 568–569t
Metabolic control mechanisms, 468, 474
Metabolic pathways
branched, 95, 95f
citric acid cycle, 107, 111–112, 112–113f, 116
enzymes and, 95–96, 95–96f
final product of, 95
glycolysis, 107–109, 109–110f, 117 t
lactic acid pathway, 109–110, 110f
Metabolic rate, 662–664, 672–674
Metabolic syndrome, 120, 672
Metabolism. See also Metabolic pathways
aerobic, 107, 108f, 111–116
of amino acids, 122–123, 122–124f
anabolic reactions, 107
anaerobic, 109–110
balance in, 676, 676 f
catabolic reactions, 107
Cori cycle in, 117–119, 118f
end-product inhibition in, 95, 96f
explanation of, 107
glycogenesis in, 117, 117t, 118 f
glycogenolysis in, 117, 117t, 118 f
inborn errors of, 95–96, 96f, 97 t
of lipids, 119–121, 120–121f
of proteins, 119
regulation of, 669–676, 676f, 686–690
of skeletal muscles, 378–380, 378–380f
Metachromatic leukodystrophy, 95
Metaphase of cell cycle, 76, 77f, 79, 80f, 81 t
Metastasis, 444, 519
Metencephalon, 207, 208f, 230–231
Metformin, 599, 685
Methacholine, 256t
Methane, 27f
Methemoglobin, 559–560
Methionine, 122t
Methylation, of DNA, 81
Methyxanthines, 328
Metoprolol, 256t
MHC (major histocompatibility complex), 511
Mice, knockout, 75
Micelles, 39, 39f, 639, 653
Michelangelo, 217
Microalbuminuria, 613
Microbiota, intestinal, 633–635
Microfilaments, 52t, 57
Microflora, 633–635extracellular, 54, 132
of mitochondria, 59
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), 132
Mature (Graafian) follicles, 725, 726, 726f
Maturity-onset diabetes, 681
Maximal oxygen uptake, 378
M bands, 384
M cones, 303, 303f
Mean arterial pressure (MAP), 464, 481–482
Mean diffusion time, 134–135
Measurements, in scientific research, 3
Mechanoreceptors, 267, 268t
Medial geniculate nuclei, 226, 288
Medial lemniscus, 271
Medial temporal lobe, 220–221
Median eminence, 334
Mediastinum, 536
Medical research journals, 3–4
Medications. See Drugs
Medulla oblongata
autonomic nervous system and, 260, 261t
in baroreceptor reflex, 477–478, 477–478f
cardiac control center in, 231, 452, 477–478
chemoreceptors in, 554–555, 556
in respiratory control, 231, 553–555, 554–555f
structure of, 231
vasomotor control center in, 231, 477–478
Megakaryocytes, 409
MEG (magnetoencephalogram), 213, 213t
Meiosis, 78–79, 80–81f, 81 t, 716, 725
Meissner’s corpuscles, 270, 270t
Meissner’s (submucosal) plexus, 622
Melanin, 18, 96
Melanin granules, 58
Melanocortin, 672
Melanocytes, 20
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH),
332–333, 672
Melanoma, 76
Melanopsin, 228, 307, 347, 348
MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic
acidosis, and strokelike episodes), 59, 114
Melatonin
biosynthetic pathway for, 711
exogenous, 348
reproductive role of, 348, 711
secretion of, 226, 228, 347–348, 348f, 711
Melatonin pills, 349
Mello, Craig C., 5t
Membrane attack complex, 506–507, 507f
Membrane potentials, 149–153, 150–153f, 174–178
Membranes. See also Plasma (cell) membranes
basement, 14–15, 132
chorionic, 741–742
epithelial, 12–15, 13–14f, 13 t, 147–148, 147–148f
pleural, 536
Membrane transport. See Active transport; Diffusion
Membranous labyrinth, 279
Memory
brain regions for, 220–225, 221t, 223 f
consolidation of, 220
declarative, 220, 221t
emotion and, 220, 224–225
episodic, 220, 221, 221t
long-term, 220, 222
neural stem cells in, 224
nondeclarative, 220, 221t
procedural, 221t
semantic, 220, 221, 221t
short-term, 220Lymph nodes, 406, 443–444, 444f, 495, 499
Lymphoblasts, 410
Lymphocytes. See also B lymphocytes;
T lymphocytes
in atherosclerosis, 436–437
immune function of, 494–495
movement of, 499
natural killer cells, 520–521
production of, 444
Lymphoid organs, 444, 499–500
Lymphoid tissue, 409
Lymphokines, 350, 508–509
Lymphoma, 519, 520
Lysine, 122t, 666
Lysolecithin, 653
Lysosomal storage diseases, 58
Lysosomes, 52t, 58, 496, 496fM
Macleod, John, 5t
Macrophages
antigen presentation by, 510f, 511–512
in atherosclerosis, 436–437
in innate immunity, 495–496
in local inflammation, 500, 502
monocyte differentiation to, 510
in phagocytosis, 54, 495–496, 496f, 496 t
Macula, 280
Macula densa, 589–590, 607
Macula lutea, 304
Macular degeneration, 305, 435
Magnesium, recommended dietary allowance for,
665 t, 668
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 212–213,
212–213f, 220
Magnetoencephalogram (MEG), 213, 213t
Major calyx, 582
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 511
Malaria vaccine, 517
Male reproductive system
accessory organs of, 705–706, 718–719
autonomic regulation of, 258
endocrine functions of, 714–715
fertility of, 721–722
gonadotropin secretion in, 713f, 714
hormones of, 349
spermatogenesis in, 715–718, 716f
Malignant tumors, 519
Malleus, 284
Malnutrition, 671
Maltose, 34, 650
Maltriose, 650, 651f
Mammary glands, 748
Manganese, daily dietary intake of, 668
Mannitol, 141, 612
Mantoux test, 526
MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors), 192
MAO (monoamine oxidase), 191
Maple-syrup disease, 97t
MAP (mean arterial pressure), 464, 481–482
Marijuana, 197–198, 229
Mass action, law of, 94, 566
Mass activation, of sympathetic neurons, 247, 251
Mass number, of atoms, 25
Mast cells, 500–501
Mastication, 620, 623
Matrix
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