I-22 IndexNitric oxide synthetase, 258
Nitrogen, atomic structure of, 25t
Nitrogen balance, 122
Nitrogen narcosis, 552
Nitrogenous bases, 44, 45, 45f, 63
Nitroglycerin, 110, 466
Nitrous oxide, 198
NK (natural killer) cells, 520–521
NMDA (N-Methyl-D-aspartate) receptors, 194–195,
199, 222
N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, 194–195,
199, 222
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
apoptosis, 75
dendritic cells, 510
G-proteins, 155
Helicobacter pylori, 628
history of, 5–6, 5t
knockout mice, 75
nerve growth factor, 170
olfactory sensory neurons, 276
recognition of medicine and physiology
relationship, 2
RNA interference, 67
secretory vesicles docking with target
membranes, 61
stem cell research, 19, 739
synaptic vesicles, 183
telomeres and telomerase, 78
toll-like receptors, 495
Nociceptors (pain receptors), 267, 268t, 270
Nodes of Ranvier, 168, 179–180
NOD-like receptors, 495
Nogo receptors, 169
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 637
Non-carrier-mediated transport, 133
Nondeclarative (implicit) memory, 220, 221t
Nonessential amino acids, 122, 122t
Nongenomic action, of steroids, 324
Nongranular leukocytes, 408, 409f, 410 t
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 520
Noninvasive fetal sex determination, 742
NO (nitric oxide), 196t, 198, 258, 350, 414, 466
Nonkeratinized epithelium, 13t, 14, 14f
Nonpolar covalent bonds, 26
Nonpolar hormones, 319–320
Nonpolar molecules, 26
Non-REM sleep, 214–215, 220
Non-self antigens, 517
Nonshivering thermogenesis, 260, 675
Nonspecific immunity. See Innate immunity
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 352
Nonvolatile acids, 568
Noradrenaline. See Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
cardiac contraction strength and, 454
cardiac rate and, 452
in drug abuse, 194, 251
as hormone, 191, 318
as neurotransmitter, 194, 251–254, 318
receptors for, 253–255, 256t
secretion of, 247, 337
as vasoconstrictor, 433, 466
Normal saline rhythm, 426
Normal saline solutions, 140, 141
Normoblasts, 411
Nose. See Smell
Nosocomial infections, 635
NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), 352
N-3 fatty acids in, 439, 666dendrites, 12, 163–164, 163–164f
functions of, 12, 163
interneurons, 164t, 165, 207, 385
mirror, 212
multipolar, 166, 166f
neurilemma and myelin sheath, 167–169, 167–169f
neurotrophins and, 170
olfactory, 209
in peripheral nervous system, 244
pseudounipolar, 165, 166f
pyramidal, 223, 223f
regeneration of, 169, 169f
simple, 308, 308f
structure of, 163–164, 163–164f
synapses, 154, 180–183, 181–182f, 184 f
Neuropeptides, 196
Neuropeptide Y, 197, 672
Neurotransmitters. See also specific types
actions of, 183, 184f
amino acids as, 194–195, 196t
in autonomic nervous system, 251–258
chemical proven or suspected to be, 196t
endocannabinoids as, 196t, 197–198
excitatory, 194–195
explanation of, 154, 181
gases as, 196t, 198
inhibitory, 195
monoamines as, 191–194, 191f, 193 f
polypeptides as, 196–197, 196t
release of, 182–183, 182f
retrograde, 197
Neurotrophins, 170, 350
Neurovascular coupling, 474
Neutral fats, 36
Neutral solutions, 29
Neutrons, 25
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), 415, 502
Neutrophils, 54, 408, 495
Newborns. See Neonates
New England Journal of Medicine, 3
NGF (nerve growth factor), 170, 350
Niacin. See Vitamin B 3
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), 100–101,
101 f, 112
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
(NADP), 101
Nicotine, 185, 193, 229, 256t. See also Smoking
Nicotinic ACh receptors, 185, 186f, 256, 257f, 257 t
Nidation (implantation), 738
Niedergerde, R., 5t
Nigrostriatal dopamine system, 192, 193, 216, 229
Nissl bodies, 163
Nitric acid, 29t
Nitric oxide (NO), 196t, 198, 258, 350, 414, 466
altitude and, 572
blood clotting and, 414, 415f
blood flow and, 350, 466, 470, 474
calcium and, 258
in central nervous system, 198
erection and, 198, 258, 719–720, 720f
as hormone, 466
in local inflammation, 502
in memory, 224
as neurotransmitter, 196t, 198, 258
as paracrine regulator, 258, 350, 466
in peripheral nervous system, 198
septic shock and, 510
vasodilator and, 466
Nitric oxide radicals, 668
Nitric oxide synthase, 466, 486Neonates—Cont.
immunity in, 518
jaundice in, 564, 640
sudden infant death syndrome, 558
thermogenesis in, 120–121
vascular resistance in, 551
Neoplasms. See Tumors
Neostigmine, 186, 187t, 189
Neovascularization, 305
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 598
Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), 584
Nephron loop. See Loop of Henle
Nephrons
cortical, 586
juxtamedullary, 586
tubules of, 585, 586–587
Nephrotic syndrome, 613
Nephrotoxicity, 600
Nernst equation, 151–152
Nerve cells. See Neurons
Nerve energies, law of specific, 268–269
Nerve gas, 187t, 189
Nerve growth factor (NGF), 170, 350
Nerve impulses. See Action potentials
Nerves. See also specific names and types
classification of, 166
explanation of, 164t, 166
Nervous system, 162–201. See also Autonomic
nervous system (ANS); Central nervous
system (CNS); Nerves; Neurons; Peripheral
nervous system (PNS)
cell concepts related to, 83
functions of, 20t
homeostatis regulation by, 8–9
membrane transport in, 157
metabolism in, 126
neurilemma and myelin sheath, 167–169, 167–169f
neuroglial (glial) cells, 12, 163, 166–167, 166f, 167 t
overview, 163
regulation by, 8–9
terminology, 164t
Nervous tissue, 12, 12f
Net diffusion, 134
Net filtration pressure, 457, 588
Net movement, 134
NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps), 415, 502
Neural crest, 207
Neural stem cells, 64, 209, 224
Neural tube, 207
Neurilemma, 167
Neuroendocrine reflexes, 333
Neuroepithelial cells, 274
Neurofibrillary tangles, 221
Neurogenesis, 171, 209, 224
Neurogenic atrophy, 384
Neurogenic mechanism, of breathing and exercise, 570
Neurogenic shock, 486
Neuroglial (glial) cells, 12, 163, 166–167, 166f, 167 t
Neurohormones, 318
Neurohypophysis, 227, 331
Neurolemmocytes. See Schwann cells
Neuromuscular (myoneural) junctions, 180, 190
Neuron-glia crosstalk, 171
Neurons. See also Axons; specific types
astrocytes, 166, 166f, 167 t, 170–171, 170f
in autonomic nervous system, 244–245, 244f
bipolar, 165–166, 166f
cable properties of, 177–178, 178f
classification of, 165–166, 166f
complex, 308fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 22fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 22 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM