I-28 IndexScala tympani, 284–285
Scala vestibuli, 284–285
Scalenes, 541
Schally, Andrew, 5t
Schizophrenia, 193
Schlemm, canal of, 293
Schwann cells, 166, 167–168, 167t, 169
SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency
disease), 95
Science (journal), 3
Scientific method, 2–4
Sclera, 290, 291t
Scleral venous sinus, 293
Scleroses, 168
Sclerotherapy, 436
SCN (suprachiasmatic nuclei), 227–228, 347–348
S cones, 303, 303f
Scrotum, 705, 706
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 348
Sebaceous glands, 15, 18, 20
Sebum, 18
Secondary active transport, 146–147, 146f
Secondary adrenal insufficiency, 338
Secondary (flower-spray) endings, 386
Secondary hypertension, 482, 483t
Secondary immune response, 515, 515f
Secondary lymphoid organs, 499–500
Secondary lysosomes, 58
Secondary sensory endings, 386
Secondary sex characteristics, 711
Secondary spermatocytes, 716
Secondary structure, of proteins, 42f, 43
Second-degree AV node blocks, 442
Second law of thermodynamics, 98, 134
Second messengers
adenylate cyclase–cyclic AMP system, 155, 192,
326–328, 327f, 328 t
explanation of, 155, 192
in fertilization, 735
gap junctions and, 181
in hormone action, 326–331
in neurotransmission, 192, 254
in olfaction, 276–277, 278f
phospholipase C–Ca^21 system, 328–329, 329f, 330 t
in taste sensations, 276
tyrosine kinase system, 329–331
Second sound, of heart, 420
a-Secretase, 222
b-Secretase, 222
g-Secretase, 222
Secretin, 645, 649–650
Secretion. See also specific sites and substances
explanation of, 599, 599f
gastric phases of, 645–648, 646t
plasma clearance and, 599–600
pulsatile, 322, 709
Secretory phase, of endometrium, 731–732
Secretory vesicle, 51f, 55
Segmentation, of small intestine, 620, 631–632
Seizures, 196, 197
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), 325
Selective permeability, 132, 136
Selenium, recommended dietary allowance for,
665 t, 668
Self-antigens, 517
Selye, Hans, 5t, 340
Semantic memory, 220, 221, 221t
Semen, 721–722, 722f
Semicircular canals, 279, 280–281, 281f
Semicircular duct, 280Rituximab, 520
Rivaroxaban (Xarelto), 423
rmp (resting membrane potential), 152–153, 152–
153 f, 172–173
RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), 67
RNA interference (RNAi), 67
RNA polymerase, 65
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
enzymatic activity of, 89
genome codes for, 63
structure of, 46–47, 46f
synthesis, 64–65
types of, 46, 63, 65–67, 68–69, 70f
Rodbell, Martin, 5t
Rods, 298, 299–300, 299f
Rofecoxib, 352
Roloxifene (Evista), 693
Rosiglitazone (Avandia), 684
Rotational acceleration, 279
Rough (granular) endoplasmic reticulum, 60
Round window, 285
rRNA (ribosomal RNA), 46, 63, 66
Rubrospinal tracts, 234t, 235
Ruffini endings, 270, 270t
Rugae, 625
RXR (retinoic X receptor), 324, 325
Ryanodine receptors, 371S
Saccadic eye movements, 306
Saccharin, 276
Saccule, 279, 280
Sacral nerves, 236
Sacral plexus, 236f
SAD (seasonal affective disorder), 348
St. John’s Wort, 192
Salbutamol (Albuterol), 255, 256t
Saline solutions, 140, 141
Saliva, 93
Salivary amylase, 93, 623, 650
Salivary glands, 15, 258, 621
Salk vaccine, 517
Salt. See also Sodium
blood volume and, 460f, 461, 462, 463f
historical value of, 461
hypertension and, 483–484
intestinal absorption/transport of, 634
reabsorption by kidneys, 590–598, 591f
Saltatory conduction, 180
Salty taste, 275, 275f, 276
Sarcolemma, 360–361
Sarcomeres, 365–367f, 366–367, 392, 453
Sarcopenia, 384
Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca^21 ATPase
(SERCA) pumps, 373
Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 368, 371–372, 372f, 373
SA (sinoatrial) node, 425
Satellite cells, 166, 167t, 384
Satiety, 673
Satiety center, 219
Saturated enzymes, 94
Saturated fats, 36, 37, 37f
Saturation
in carrier-mediated transport, 142, 603
of enzymes, 94, 94f
of oxyhemoglobin, 550, 559, 561–562
Saxitoxin, 186, 187t
Scala media, 284–285Restrictive disorders, 544
Rete testis, 713f, 718
Reticular activating system (RAS), 231–232, 231f
Reticular formation, 231
Reticulocytes, 411
Reticulospinal tracts, 234t, 235, 390
Retina. See also Cones; Rods
color vision, 301, 303, 303f
dark adaptation, 300–301, 301–302f
electrical activity of, 300–301
light passing through, 293–294, 294f
location and composition of, 291t, 298, 298f
neural pathways from, 304–306, 305–306f
visual acuity and sensitivity, 304
Retinaldehyde, 299–300
Retinal (pigment). See Retinaldehyde
Retinal pigment epithelium, 298–299, 300
Retinene. See Retinaldehyde
Retinitis pigmentosa, 300
Retinohypothalamic tracts, 228, 347
Retinoic acid, 666
Retinoic X receptor (RXR), 324, 325
Retinol, 666
Retinol binding protein, 671
Retrograde messengers, 224
Retrograde neurotransmitters, 197
Retrograde transport, 62, 165
Retrotransposons, 63
Retrotrapezoid nucleus, 554
Retroviruses, 509. See also HIV/AIDS
Reuptake, of monoamines, 191, 191f
Reverberating circuits, of neuronal activity, 222
Reverse chloride shift, 566–567, 566f
Reverse transcriptase, 78, 509
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 509
Reversible chemical reactions, 95
Reversible reactions, 95
Reward system, cerebral areas related to,
219–220, 229
Rhabdomyolysis, 380
Rheumatic endocarditis, 420–421
Rheumatic fever, 522, 522t
Rheumatoid arthritis, 521, 522, 522t, 523
Rheumatoid factors, 523
Rh factor, 413–414
Rhinencephalon. See Limbic system
Rhinitis, allergic, 523
Rh negative, 413–414
Rhodopsin, 299, 299–300f, 300
RhoGAM, 414
Rhombencephalon. See Hindbrain
Rh positive, 413–414
Rhythmicity center, 554
Rhythm method, of contraception, 733
Riboflavin. See Vitamin B 2
Ribonuclease, 91t
Ribonucleic acid. See RNA
Ribonucleotides, 46–47
Ribose, 46, 46f
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 46, 63, 66
Ribosomes, 52t, 60, 60f, 68
Ribozymes, 60, 89
Rickets, 695
Right hemisphere, of brain, 209
Right lymphatic duct, 443, 444f
Rigor complexes, 368
Rigor mortis, 368
Ringer, Sidney, 370
Ringer’s lactate, 141
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