Low Carbon Urban Infrastructure Investment in Asian Cities

70 R.G. DEWI ET AL.

GHG emissions from DKI Jakarta’s energy sector are attributed to fos-
sil fuel combustion activities in the transport, industrial, commercial, and
residential sectors. There are also indirect GHG emissions from electricity
consumption due to GHGs that are emitted from power generators. In the
context of GHG emission inventory and mitigation actions, power gen-
erators fall outside of DKI Jakarta’s jurisdiction. Although some of these
power plants are located in the city, they are integrated with other power
generators that supply the regional grid (Jawa Madura Bali or JAMALI).
As DKI Jakarta uses electricity from the JAMALI grid, GHG emissions
resulting from electricity consumption in the city are determined using the
GHG emissions factor for the grid. By sector (aside from the power gen-
eration sector), the industrial and residential sectors were the most signifi -
cant GHG emitter, followed by the transport and commercial sectors in
2005 (see the right hand side of Fig.  4.7 ). The left hand side of the fi gure
shows that the main contributor to GHG emissions generated in power
plants is electricity consumption in the city. However, it is notable that
these emissions are distributed across sectors and electricity consumers.
Figure  4.8 presents a projection of GHG emissions from the energy
sector under the BaU 2030 scenario and shows that most GHG emissions
are generated by power plants as a result of electricity consumption in the
city. However, it is notable that these emissions are distributed across vari-
ous sectors and electricity consumers. By sector (outside of power genera-
tion sectors), the residential sector is the largest GHG emitter followed
by the commercial, industrial, and transport sectors (see the right hand
side of Fig.  4.8 ). The right hand side of Fig.  4.8 shows that the electric-

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Coal Oil Gas

Electricity

Biofuel

Coal Oil Gas

Electricity

Biofuel

Coal Oil Gas

Electricity

Biofuel

2005 2030 BaU 2030 CM

Million toe

Passenger Transport Freight Transport Residential Industry Commercial

Fig. 4.6 Energy consumption of each energy type by sector