Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses

literature section of the study. This section usually ends by identifying a gap in current knowledge about the phe- nomenon of i ...

Causality and Probability Causality refers to the relationship that exists between a cause and its effect. The cause has the abi ...

leave open the possibility that there are other causes and factors affecting the result seen in the DV. Control, Manipulation, a ...

that the teen is not currently engaging in sexual activity requiring a condom. Researchers control for this type of bias by clea ...

groups of subjects use a between-groups design. For example, a researcher who is studying condom use among adolescents may wish ...

Exerting control over extraneous variables affecting the DV is one important factor to ensure valid results. Study validity refe ...

Selection Bias Selection bias occurs when the change in the DV is a result of differences in the characteristics of subjects bef ...

threat of maturation. Changes such as these are more likely to influence the DV when a study continues over time. For example, i ...

Statistical Conclusion Validity Statistical conclusion validity refers to the confidence one has that the results of the statist ...

and blood pressure is biased because the instrument measures two different theoretical concepts. Therefore, the researcher would ...

Double-blind experimental designs have been used in health research to control for threats of reactivity. In double-blind studie ...

Interaction of Treatment and History Interactions of treatment and history can also occur. This threat is concerned with how the ...

Evaluating the strength of the evidence obtained with quantitative designs includes evaluating the timing of data collection. Th ...

and effect using cross-sectional designs. For example, a researcher is studying the effect of self-efficacy on condom use in ado ...

In panel designs, the same subjects are used to provide data at multiple points in time. The observational study component of th ...

hormone replacement component of the WHI Clinical Trial and Observational Study (http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/whi/ctos.htm) is anoth ...

True/False In retrospective designs, also known as ex post facto designs, the researcher manipulates the IV. Cohort comparison ...

True/False Researchers should design studies that are easy for subjects to participate in regardless of how much control over e ...

REFERENCES Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1966). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Chicago, IL: ...

Kempthorne, O. (1961). The design and analysis of experiments with some reference to education research. In R. O. Collier & ...