Kress, W. J. 1986. The systematic distribution of vascular
epiphytes: an update. Selbyana 9:2-22.
Lane-Poole, C. E. 1925. The forests of Papua and New
Guinea. Empire Forestry Journal 4:206—234.
Lanner, R. 1966. Adventitious roots of Eucalyptus robusta
in Hawaii. Pacific Science 220:379-381.
Lawton, R. O. 1980. Wind and the ontogeny of elfin stature
in a Costa Rican lower montane rain forest. Ph.D. dis-
sertation, University of Chicago, Chicago.
. 1982. Wind stress and elfin stature in a montane
forest tree: an adaptive explanation. American Journal
of Botany 69:1224-1230.
. 1984. Ecological constraints on wood density in a
tropical montane rain forest. American Journal of
Botany 71:261-267.
-. 1990. Canopy gaps and light penetration into a wind-
exposed tropical lower montane rain forest. Canadian
Journal of Forest Research 20:659-667.
Lawton, R. O., and V. J. Dryer. 1980. The vegetation of the
Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve. Brenesia 18:101-
116.
Lawton, R. O., and F. E. Putz. 1988. Natural disturbance and
gap-phase regeneration in a wind-exposed tropical
cloud forest. Ecology 69:764-777.
Leakey, R., and J. Proctor. 1987. Invertebrates in the litter
and soil at a range of altitudes in Gunung Silam, a small
ultrabasic mountain in Sabah. Journal of Tropical
Ecology 3:119-128.
Leigh, E. G. 1975. Structure and climate in tropical rain
forest. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
6:67-86.
Lesica, P., and R. Antibus. 1990. The occurrence of mycor-
rhizal in vascular epiphytes of two Costa Rican forests.
Biotropica 22:250-258.
Lewis, W., Jr. 1981. Precipitation chemistry and nutrient
loading by precipitation in a tropical watershed. Wa-
ter Resources Research 17:169-181.
Lieberman, D., and M. Lieberman. 1987. Forest tree growth
and dynamics at La Selva (1969-1982). Journal of
Tropical Ecology 3:347-358.
Lieberman, D., G. S. Hartshorn, M. Lieberman, and R. Peralta.
1990. Forest dynamics at La Selva Biological Station
1969-1985. Pages 509-521 in A. H. Gentry, editor. Four
neotropical rainforests. Yale University Press, New
Haven, Connecticut.
Lobert, J., D. Scharffe, W. Hao, and P. Crutzen. 1990. Im-
portance of biomass burning in the atmospheric bud-
gets of nitrogen-containing gases. Nature 346:552-554.
Logan, J. 1983. Nitrogen oxides in the troposphere: global
and regional budgets. Journal of Geophysical Research
88:10785-10807.
Longino, J., and N. Nadkarni. 1990. A comparison of ground
and canopy leaf litter ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
in a neotropical montane forest. Psyche 97:81-94.
Longman, K., and J. Jenik. 1987. Tropical forest and its en-
vironment. Longman, Essex, UK.
Lopez, A. H., and A. L. Cortes. 1978. Los suelos organicos
de Colombia: su origen, constitucion, y clasificacion.
Institute geographico "Agustin Codazzi," Vol. 14, No.
2, Colombia.
Lovett, G. M., W. A. Reiners, and R. K. Olsen. 1982. Cloud
droplet deposition in subalpine balsam fir forests: hy-
drological and chemical inputs. Science 218:1303-
1304.
Lugo, A., and C. Lowe. 1995. Tropical forests: management
and ecology. Springer, New York.
Lugo, A., and F. Scatena. 1992. Epiphytes and climate
change research in the Caribbean: a proposal.
Selbyana 13:123-130.
Lugo, A. E., M. Applefield, D. J. Pool, and R. B. McDonald.
1983. The impact of Hurricane David on the forests of
Dominica. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 13:201-
211.
Madison, M. 1977. Vascular epiphytes: their systematic
occurrence and salient features. Selbyana 2:1-13.
Maffia, B. 1990. Endomycorrhizal status of selected plants in
a neotropical cloud forest with special emphasis on
Peperomia. costaricensis C.DC. (Piperaceae). Master's
thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara.
Maffia, B., N. Nadkarni, and D. Janos. 1993. Vesicular-
arbuscular mycorrhizae of epiphytic and terrestrial
Piperaceae under field and greenhouse conditions.
Mycorrhiza 4:5-9.
Matelson, T. J., N. M. Nadkarni, and J. T. Longino. 1993.
Survivorship of fallen epiphytes in a neotropical cloud
forest, Monteverde, Costa Rica. Ecology 74:265-269.
Matelson, T. J., N. M. Nadkarni, and R. Solano. 1995. Tree
damage and annual mortality in a montane forest in
Monteverde, Costa Rica. Biotropica 27: 441-447.
McDade, L., K. Bawa, H. Hespenheide, and G. Hartshorn.- La Selva: ecology and natural history of a
neotropical rain forest. University of Chicago Press,
Chicago.
McDowell, W. H., C. Sanchez, C. Asbury, and C. Ramos Perez. - Influence of sea salt aerosols and long range
transport on precipitation chemistry at El Verde, Puerto
Rico. Atmospheric Environment 24A:2813-2821.
Mohankumar, V., and A. Mahadevan, 1987. Vesicular-
arbuscular mycorrhizae associations in plants of
Kalakud Reserve Forest, India. Agnewissenschaft
Botanisch 61:255-274.
Mohnen, V. A., and J. A. Kadkecek. 1989. Cloud chemistry
research at Whiteface Mountain. Tellus 4IB: 79-91.
Mohnen V. A., and R. J. Vong. 1993. A climatology of cloud
chemistry for the eastern United States derived from
the mountain cloud chemistry project. Environmental
Review 1:38-54.
Moore, P. D. 1989. Upwardly mobile roots. Nature 341:188.
Moran, V., and T. R. E. Southwood. 1982. The guild com-
position of arthropod communities in trees. Journal of
Animal Ecology 51:289-306.
Murray, K. G. 1986. Consequences of seed dispersal for gap-
dependent plants: relationships between seed shad-
ows, germination requirements, and forest dynamic
processes. Pages 187-198 in A. Estrada and T. H.
Fleming, editors. Frugivores and seed dispersal. Dr.
W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht.
. 1988. Avian seed dispersal of three neotropical gap-
dependent plants. Ecological Monographs 58:271-298.
Nadkarni, N. M. 1981. Canopy roots: convergent evolution
in rainforest nutrient cycles. Science 214: 1023-1024.
. 1983. The effects of epiphytes on nutrient
cycles within temperate and tropical rainforest tree
canopies. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washing-
ton, Seattle.
. 1984. Epiphyte biomass and nutrient capital of a
neotropical elfin forest. Biotropica 16:249-256.
. 1986a. An ecological overview and checklist of the
epiphytes in the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve.
Brenesia 10:35-39.
-. 1986b. The nutritional effects of epiphytes on host
trees with special reference to alteration of precipita-
tion chemistry. Selbyana 9:44-51.
. 1988. Tropical rainforest ecology from a canopy
perspective. Memoirs of the California Academy of
Sciences 12:57-67.
. 1994. Factors affecting the initiation and elongation
of above-ground adventitious roots in a tropical cloud
forest tree: an experimental approach. Oecologia
100:94-97.
Nadkarni, N., and J. T. Longino. 1990. Invertebrates in
canopy and ground organic matter in a neotropical
montane forest, Costa Rica. Biotropica 22:286-289.
Nadkarni, N., and T. Matelson. 1991. Dynamics of fine
litterfall within the canopy of a tropical cloud forest,
Monteverde. Ecology 72:2071-2082.
348 Ecosystem Ecology and Forest Dynamics