A28 Endnotes9 9. Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation,
438 U.S. 726 (1978).- Federal Communications Commission et al. v. Fox Television
Stations, 556 U.S. 502 (2009). - Federal Communications Commission and United States v. CBS
Corporation, 556 U.S. 1218 (2009). - Federal Communications Commission v. Fox Television Stations,
567 U.S. (2012); Federal Communications Commission v.
CBS Corporation, no. 11–1240 (2012), writ of certiorari denied. - United States v. Stevens, 559 U.S. 460 (2010).
- Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association,
564 U.S. (2011).
1 05. David French, “Of Course the Second Amendment Protects
an Individual Right to Keep and Bear Arms,” National Review,
April 13, 2016, http://www.nationalreview.com/2016/04/second-
amendment-protects-individual-right-keep-bear-arms
(accessed 3/29/18).
1 06. Dorothy Samuels, “The Second Amendment Was Never Meant
to Protect an Individual’s Right to a Gun,” The Nation, September
23, 2015, http://www.thenation.com/article/how-the-roberts-court-
undermined-sensible-gun-control/ ; John Paul Stevens, “Repeal
the Second Amendment,” New York Times, March 27, 2018, http://www.
nytimes.com/2018/03/27/opinion/john-paul-stevens-repeal-
second-amendment.html (accessed 3/29/18).
1 07. Gun Violence Archive, http://www.gunviolencearchive.org
(accessed 4/9/18).
1 08. The FBI defines an active shooter as “an individual actively
engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a confined
and populated area.” For data on active shooters see Federal
Bureau of Investigation, Office of Partner Engagement,
“Quick Look: 220 Active Shooter Incidents in the United
States Between 2000-2016,” http://www.fbi.gov/about/
partnerships/office-of-partner-engagement/active-shooter-
incidents-graphics (accessed 4/9/18).
1 09. Giffords Law Center, “Gun Law Trend Watch, 2017 Year-
End Review,” http://lawcenter.giffords.org/wp-content/
uploads/2017/12/Trendwatch-2017-Year-End-12.19.17-pages.
pdf, and “Concealed Carry,” http://lawcenter.giffords.org/
gun-laws/policy-areas/guns-in-public/concealed-carry
(accessed 4/9/18). - District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 290 (2008).
- McDonald v. Chicago, 08-1521 (2010).
1 12. Robert J. Spitzer, The Politics of Gun Control (Chatham, NJ:
Chatham House, 1995). Also see http://www.bradycampaign.org/
reforming-gun-industry-practices for a complete list of the
cases (accessed 6/27/18). The two cases recognizing the
individual right to bear arms were United States v. Timothy Joe
Emerson, 46 F. Supp. 2d 598 (1999) and the D.C. Circuit Court
case that was appealed in the landmark ruling Parker v. District
of Columbia, 478 F.3d 370 (D.C. Cir. 2007).
1 13. Juliet Eilperin and David Nakamura, “ An Emotional
Obama Flexes His Executive Muscle on Gun Control,”
Washington Post, January 5, 2016, http://www.washingtonpost.
com/politics/obama-moves-on-guns-with-executive-
actions-that-circumvent-congress/2016/01/05/97f23336-
b3bc-11e5-a76a-0b5145e8679a_story.
html?hpid=hp _hp-top-table-main_obamaguns-
1215pm%3Ahomepage%2Fstory (accessed 4/9/18).
1 14. Giffords Law Center, “Post-Heller Litigation Summary,”
December 2017, http://lawcenter.giffords.org/wp-content/
uploads/2017/12/PHLS-December-17-Update-Final.pdf
(accessed 4/9/18). - New Jersey v. T. L. O., 469 U.S. 325 (1985); Safford United School
District No. 1 et al. v. Redding, 557 U.S. 364 (2009).
1 16. See Abraham and Perry, Freedom and the Court, Chapter 4, for
a discussion of these cases. The most recent case is Kentucky v.
King, 563 U.S. (2011).
1 17. Florence v. County of Burlington, U.S. 10-945 (2012).- Maryland v. King, 133 S.Ct. 1958 (June 3, 2013).
- Riley v. California, 513 U.S. (2014).
- United States v. Jones, 565 U.S. (2012).
121 Carpenter v. United States, 585 U.S. (2018). - Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961).
1 23. Herring v. United States, 555 U.S. 135 (2009).
1 24. Utah v. Strief f, 579 U.S. (2016). - Vernonia School District v. Acton, 515 U.S. 646 (1995); Board of
Education of Pottawatomie County v. Earls, 536 U.S. 832 (2002). - Chandler v. Miller, 520 U.S. 305 (1997).
1 27. Leslie Cauley, “NSA Has Massive Database of Americans’
Phone Calls,” USA Today, May 11, 2006, p. 1.
1 28. Andrew Crocker and David Ruiz, “How Congress’s
Extension of Section 702 May Expand the NSA’s Warrantless
Surveillance Authority,” Electronic Frontier Foundation,
February 1, 2018, http://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/02/how-
congresss-extension-section-702-may-expand-nsas-
warrantless-surveillance (accessed 6/14/18).
1 29. Lorraine Woellert and Dawn Kopecki, “The Snooping
Goes beyond Phone Calls,” Business Week, May 29, 2006,
p. 38; “Data Mining: Federal Efforts Cover a Wide Range
of Uses,” GAO Report 04-548, May 2004, http://www.gao.gov/
assets/250/242241.pdf (accessed 5/13/14).
1 30. Anthony Cuthbertson, “AT&T Spying Program Is ‘Worse
than Snowden Revelations,’” Newsweek, October 26, 2016,
http://www.newsweek.com/att-spying-program-worse-snowden-
revelations-513812 (accessed 10/23/17).
1 31. Eric Lichtblau and James Risen, “Officials Say U.S. Wiretaps
Exceeded Law,” New York Times, April 16, 2009.
13 2. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
13 3. New York v. Quarles, 467 U.S. 649 (1984).
13 4. Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428 (2000). - Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784 (1969).
- Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469 (2005).
1 37. National Conference of State Legislatures, “Eminent
Domain Overview,” January 1, 2012, http://www.ncsl.org/research/
environment-and-natural-resources/eminent-domain-
overview.aspx (accessed 1/31/14).
1 38. The 2017 case, Murr v. Wisconsin 582 US (2017), involved
a property owner who tried to sell a lot that was contiguous to
another lot that he owned; he did not have to be compensated
for the value of that lot when it was rendered worthless by
a state regulation. The recent cases that ruled in favor of
property owners were Arkansas Game and Fish Commission
v. United States, 568 U.S. (2012); Koontz v. St. Johns River
Water Management District, 568 U.S. (2013); and Horne v.
United States Department of Agriculture, 569 U.S. (2013). - Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932).
- Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963).
- Evitts v. Lucy, 469 U.S. 387 (1985); Wig gins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510
(2003). See Elizabeth Gable and Tyler Green, “Wig gins v. Smith:
The Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Standard Applied Twenty
Years after Strickland,” Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics
(Summer 2004): 755–71, for a discussion of many of these issues. - Klopfer v. North Carolina, 386 U.S. 213 (1967).
1 43. The law is 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1) and the ruling is Zedner v.
United States, 05-5992 (2006).
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