Endnotes A29- 1 The case concerning African Americans is Batson v.
Kentucky, 106 S.Ct. 1712 (1986); the case about Latinos is
Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352 (1991); and the gender
case is J. E. B. v. Alabama ex rel. T. B., 511 U.S. 127 (1994). Two
more-recent cases affirming that peremptory challenges
cannot be used in a racially discriminatory fashion are
Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231 (2005) and Snyder v. Louisiana,
552 U.S. 472 (2008). - Peña-Rodriguez v. Colorado, 580 U.S. (2017).
1 46. Death Penalty Information Center, “Number of Executions
since 1976,” http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions-year
(accessed 4/9/18); Hall v. Florida, 572 U.S. (2014).
1 47. Erik Eckholm, “One Execution Botched, Oklahoma Delays
the Next,” New York Times, April 29, 2014, http://www.nytimes.
com/2014/04/30/us/oklahoma-executions.html (accessed
5/13/1 4). - Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972); Gregg v. Georgia, 428
U.S. 513 (1976). - Moore v. Texas, 581 U. S. (2017)
1 50. See Abraham and Perry, Freedom and the Court, pp. 72–73,
for a discussion of the earlier cases, and Charles Lane, “5–4
Supreme Court Abolishes Juvenile Executions,” Washington
Post, March 2, 2005, p. A1, for a discussion of the 2002 and
2005 cases. The cases were Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304
(2002); Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005); and Kennedy v.
Louisiana, 554 U.S. 407 (2008). - Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965), 482–86.
- Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965), 511–12.
- Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973), 129.
- Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505
U.S. 833 (1992).
1 55. Katharine Q. Seelye, “Mississippi Voters Reject Anti-Abortion
Measu re,” New York Times, November 8, 2011, http://www.nytimes.
com/2011/11/09/us/politics/votes-across-the-nation-could-
serve-as-a-political-barometer.html (accessed 12/5/11).
1 56. Erik Eckholm, “Access to Abortion Falling as States Pass
Restrictions,” New York Times, January 3, 2014, http://www.nytimes.
com/2014/01/04/us/women-losing-access-to-abortion-as-
opponents-gain-ground-in-state-legislatures.html (accessed
1/31/14).
15 7. Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt, 579 U.S. (2016). - Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986).
- Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003).
Take a Stand
a. Florida v. Jardines, 569 U.S. (2013), 6–7.
b. Oral arguments in U.S. v. Jones (2012), November 8, 2011,
http://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_
transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf, p. 44 (accessed 4/9/18).Chapter 5
1. Joseph Goldstein, “Judge Rejects New York’s Stop-and-Frisk
Policy, New York Times, August 12, 2013, http://www.nytimes.
com/2013/08/13/nyregion/stop-and-frisk-practice-violated-
rights-judge-rules.html (accessed 11/7/17).
2. Stop and Frisk Data, New York Civil Liberties Union, April 2, 2018,
http://www.nyclu.org/en/stop-and-frisk-data (accessed 4/13/18).- Face the Nation, CBS News, June 19, 2016, transcript, http://www.
cbsnews.com/news/face-the-nation-transcripts-june-19-
2016-trump-lynch-lapierre-feinstein/ (accessed 11/7/17).
4. Meet the Press, NBC News, May 9, 2010, transcript, http://www.
nbcnews.com/id/37024384/ns/meetthe press/t/meet-press-
transcript-may/#.WgIRPXZryiM (accessed 11/7/17).
5. There are eight commissioners on the U.S. Commission on
Civil Rights, four appointed by the president and four by
Congress. The commissioners serve six-year terms and do not
require Senate confirmation, and no more than four members
may be of the same political party.
6. Howard Dodson, “How Slavery Helped Build a World Economy,”
in Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture of the New
York Public Library, Jubilee: The Emergence of African-American
Culture (Washington, DC: National Geographic Press, 2003).
7. Other provisions of the Compromise of 1850, which was a
package of five bills, included creating the current boundaries for
Texas as it dropped its claim to land in parts of five current states
in exchange for the federal government’s assumption of $10
million in debt from the old Texas Republic. Also, slave trade, but
not slavery itself, was abolished in the District of Columbia. See
“The Compromise of 1850,” Primary Documents in American
History, Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/
ourdocs/Compromise1850.html (accessed 10/26/17).
8. John W. Wright, ed., New York Times 2000 Almanac (New York:
Penguin Reference, 1999), p. 165. Estimates from various online
sources are quite a bit higher, averaging about 620,000 deaths.
9. V. O. Key Jr., Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York:
Knopf, 1949), p. 538. For example, the Louisiana grandfather
clause read: “No male person who was on January 1, 1867, or at
any date prior thereto, entitled to vote under the Constitution
of the United States, wherein he then resided, and no son or
grandson of any such person not less than twenty-one years of
age at the date of the adoption of this Constitution... shall be
denied the right to register and vote in this State by reason of his
failure to possess the educational or property qualifications.”
Grandfather clauses as they applied to voting were ruled
unconstitutional in 1915.
1 0. Chandler Davidson, “The Voting Rights Act: A Brief History,”
in Controversies in Minority Voting: The Voting Rights Act in
Perspective, ed. Bernard Grofman and Chandler Davidson
(Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1992), p. 21.
1 1. “Indian Removal: 1814–1848,” Public Broadcasting System,
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.html (accessed 1/26/12).
12. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. 1 (1831).
13. United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649 (1898).
1 4. Bilal Qureshi, “From Wrong to Right: A U.S. Apology for
Japanese Internment,” August 9, 2013, National Public Radio,
w w w.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/08/09/210138278/
japanese-internment-redress (accessed 1/29/16).
15. Trump v. Hawaii, 585 U.S. (2018).
1 6. This Day in History, “Abigail Adams Urges Husband to
‘Remember the Ladies,’” Abigail Adams to John Adams, March
31, 1776, http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/abigail-adams-
urges-husband-to-remember-the-ladies (accessed 4/13/18).
17. Bradwell v. Illinois, 83 U.S. 130 (1873).
18. Hoyt v. Florida, 368 U.S. 57 (1961).
1 9. Lucian K. Truscott IV, “The Real Mob at Stonewall,” New York
Times, June 25, 2009, p. A19.
2 0. “LGBT,” Pollingreport.com, various surveys, http://www.
pollingreport.com/civil.htm (accessed 10/26/17).
21. Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. (2015).
2 2. Sean Cahill, “Trump Administration Amasses Striking
Anti-LGBT Record in First Year, The Hill, January 19, 2018,
http://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/369790-trump-
administration-amasses-striking-anti-lgbt-record-in-first-
year (accessed 4/13/18).
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