A30 Endnotes2 3. “Charge Statistics, FY 1997 through FY 2017,” U.S. Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission, http://www.eeoc.gov/
eeoc/statistics/enforcement/charges.cfm (accessed
4/13/18).
2 4. “The Case for Fair Housing: 2017 Fair Housing Trends
Report,” National Fair Housing Alliance, p. 77, http://
nationalfairhousing.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/
TRENDS-REPORT-2017-FINAL.pdf (accessed 4/13/18).
2 5. “Recent Accomplishments of the Housing and Civil
Enforcement Section,” U.S. Department of Justice, April 4,
2018, http://www.justice.gov/crt/recent-accomplishments-housing-
and-civil-enforcement-section (accessed 4/13/18).
2 6. Davidson, “The Voting Rights Act,” p. 22; also see U.S.
Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, “About
Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act,” http://www.justice.gov/crt/
about-section-5-voting-rights-act (accessed 4/13/18), for a
complete list of cases in which the Justice Department has
denied “preclearance” of a change in an electoral practice
under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act. Note that in racially
homogeneous single-member districts, minority candidates
usually win. But in at-large elections, in which representatives
are elected citywide or countywide (and which thus may
contain a mix of minority and white voters from the districts
making up the city or county), the majority-white voters can
outvote the minority voters and elect an all-white city council or
school board.
2 7. “The Long Shadow of Jim Crow: Voter Suppression in America,”
Special Report, People for the American Way Foundation
and NA ACP, http://archive.fairvote.org/righttovote/PFAW-
NA ACP.pdf (accessed 4/13/18); “Election 2016: Restrictive
Voting Laws by the Numbers,” Brennan Center for Justice,
September 28, 2016, http://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/
election-2016-restrictive-voting-laws-numbers, (accessed
11/2/17).
2 8. “New Voting Restrictions in America,” Brennan Center for
Justice, http://www.brennancenter.org/new-voting-restrictions-
america (accessed 4/13/18).- Husted v. A. Philip Randolph Institute, 584 U. S. (2018).
3 0. Kayla Fontenot, Jessica Semega, and Melissa Kollar, “Income
and Poverty in the United States: 2017,” U.S. Census, Current
Population Reports, September 2018, poverty rates from Table
3, p. 12, income from Table 1, p. 2, http://www.census.gov/content/
dam/Census/library/publications/2018/demo/p60-263.pdf
(accessed 9/26/18).
3 1. Jesse Bricker et al., “Changes in U.S. Family Finances from 2013
to 2016: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances,”
Federal Reserve Bulletin 103:3 (September 2017), Table 2, p. 12,
https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/scf17.pdf
(accessed 4/13/18).
3 2. Employment Situation Summary, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Tables A2 and A3, September 7, 2018, http://www.bls.gov/news.
release/empsit.nr0.ht m (accessed 9/26/18).
3 3. “America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2017,” U.S.
Census, Table C3, http://www.census.gov/data/tables/2017/demo/
families/cps-2017.html (accessed 9/26/18).
3 4. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Crime in the United States,
2014, Expanded Homicide Data Tables, Table 2,” https://ucr.
fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2014/crime-in-the-u.s.-2014/tables/
expanded-homicide-data/expanded_homicide_data_table2
murder_victims_by_age_sex_and_race_2014.xls (accessed
10/17/16 ).
3 5. Life expectancy data are from Elizabeth Arias, et al.,
“United States Life Tables, 2013,” National Vital Statistics
Reports, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
April 11, 2017, Table A, p. 3, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/
nvsr66/nvsr66_03.pdf. Infant mortality numbers are from
T. J. Mathews, Danielle M. Ely, and Anne K. Driscoll, “State
Variations in Infant Mortality by Race and Hispanic Origin
of Mother, 2013–2015,” NCHS Data Brief No. 295, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, January 2018, http://www.cdc.gov/
nchs/products/databriefs/db295.htm. Maternal mortality
rates are from “Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System,”
November 9, 2017, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/
pmss.html. (All sources accessed 4/13/18.)
3 6. See the National Resource Defense Council’s program on the
Environmental Justice, http://www.nrdc.org/about/environmental-
justice, and the Environmental Justice and Health Alliance for
Chemical Policy reform’s report “Who’s in Danger? Race, Poverty,
and Chemical Disasters,” May 2014, http://comingcleaninc
.org/assets/media/images/Reports/Who%27s%20in%20
Danger%20Report%20FINAL.pdf (both accessed 4/13/18).
3 7. Greg Botelho, Sarah Jorgensen, and Joseph Netto, “Water Crisis
in Flint, Michigan, Draws Federal Investigation,” CNN.com,
January 9, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/05/health/flint-
michigan-water-investigation (accessed 1/30/16).
3 8. Lawrence Hurley, “U.S. Supreme Court Allows Flint Water
Contamination Lawsuits,” Reuters, March 19, 2018,
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-water/u-s-supreme-
court-allows-flint-water-contamination-lawsuits-
idUSKBN1GV1R B (accessed 7/24/18).
3 9. Evelyn Diaz, “Nick Cannon Accuses L.A. Cops of
Racial Profiling,” BET News, http://www.bet.com/news/
celebrities/2011/11/18/nick-cannon-accuses-la-cops-of-racial-
profiling.html (accessed 1/29/12).
4 0. Cristina Corbin, “Senate’s Lone Black GOP Member Says
Police Stopped Him 7 Times in a Year,” Fox News, July 14, 2016,
http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/07/14/senates-lone-black-
gop-member-says-police-stopped-him-7-times-in-year.html
(accessed 11/2/17).
4 1. Benjamin Weiser and Joseph Goldstein, “Mayor Says New
York City Will Settle Suits on Stop-and-Frisk Tactics,” New
York Times, January 30, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/31/
nyregion/de-blasio-stop-and-frisk.html (accessed 4/6/14).
4 2. Hundreds of studies have examined these patterns, and, not
surprisingly, there are divergent findings. However, most have
found differences in sentencing based on race. A 2015 Bureau of
Justice Statistics study found that “black men received roughly
5% to 10% longer prison sentences than white men for similar
crimes, after accounting for the facts surrounding the case.”
See “Federal Sentencing Disparity: 2005–2012,” Bureau of
Justice Statistics, October 2015, http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/
fsd0512_sum.pdf. Government statistics on crime may be found
on the FBI site at http://www.fbi.gov. (Both sources accessed 11/2/17.)
4 3. “2017 Police Violence Report,” Mapping Police Violence,
https://policeviolencereport.org (accessed 4/17/18).
4 4. “Herstory,” Black Lives Matter, https://blacklivesmatter.com/
about/herstory (accessed 4/17/18).
4 5. Holly Yan, Khushbu Shah, and Emanuella Grinberg,” Ex-officer
Michael Slager Pleads Guilty in Shooting Death of Walter
Scott,” CNN, May 2, 2017, http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/02/us/
michael-slager-federal-plea/ (accessed 2/23/18).
4 6. Madison Park, “Police Shootings: Trials, Convictions Are Rare
for Officers,” CNN, June 24, 2017, http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/18/us/
police-involved-shooting-cases/index.html (accessed 11/3/17).
4 7. “2016 Hate Crime Statistics,” U.S. Department of Justice, http://www.
fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2016/tables/table-1
(accessed 4/17/18).
4 8. Rosa Parks with James Haskins, Rosa Parks: My Story (New
York: Dial Books, 1992), p. 116.Full_20_APT_64431_END_A23-A54.indd 30 15/11/18 2:38 PM