Endnotes A314 9. Clayborne Carson, David J. Garrow, Gerald Gill, Vincent
Harding, and Darlene Clark Hine, eds., The Eyes on the Prize
Civil Rights Reader (New York: Penguin Books, 1997).- Boynton v. Virginia, 363 U.S. 454 (1960).
5 1. David Halberstam, The Children (New York: Ballantine Books,
1999).
5 2. Matt Broomfield, “Women’s March against Donald Trump Is the
Largest Day of Protests in US History, Say Political Scientists,”
Independent, January 23, 2017, http://www.independent.co.uk/
news/world/americas/womens-march-anti-donald-trump-
womens-rights-largest-protest-demonstration-us-history-
political-a7541081.html (accessed 10/26/17). Jeremy Pressman
of the University of Connecticut and Erica Chenoweth of the
University of Denver collected data on the Women’s March,
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xa0iLqYKz8x9Yc_
rfhtmSOJQ2EGgeUVjvV4A8LsIaxY/edit#gid=0 (accessed
10/26/17). The low end of their estimate is 3,267,134, the high end
is 5,246,670, and their “best guess” is 4,157,894.
5 3. “Dakota Access Pipeline in Operation after Months of
Resistance,” PBS News Hour, June 3, 2017, http://www.pbs.org/
newshour/nation/dakota-access-pipeline-operation-months-
resistance (accessed 10/26/17).
5 4. See https://blacklivesmatter.com/ for more information
about the movement, including the “Black Lives Matter 4-Year
Anniversary Report” and news about recent events (accessed
10/26/17).
5 5. By the end of the regular season, only five teams featured at
least one player regularly sitting or kneeling on the sidelines
for the anthem: the Seattle Seahawks, the San Francisco 49ers,
the Miami Dolphins, the New York Giants, and the Oakland
Raiders. Valerie Richardson, “NFL’s Kneeling Comes to Abrupt
Halt: Protesters Miss Playoffs,” The Washington Times, January
15, 2018, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/jan/15/nfls-
kneeling-protesters-miss-playoffs (accessed 4/17/18). Mark
Maske, “NFL Owners Approve New National Anthem Policy
with Hope of Ending Protests, Washington Post, May 23, 2018,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/sports/wp/2018/05/23/
nfl-owners-leaning-towards-requiring-players-to-stand-
for-national-anthem-or-remain-in-locker-room/?utm_
term=.71eed9fa2d60 (accessed 6/15/18). - Pearson v. Murray, 169 Md. 478 (1936).
5 7. Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948). - Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
- Brown v. Board of Education II, 349 U.S. 294 (1955).
6 0. Paul Brest and Sanford Levinson, Process of Constitutional
Decision Making: Cases and Material (Boston: Little, Brown,
1982), pp. 471–80. - Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education,
402 U.S. 1 (1971). - Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974).
- Parents Involved in Community Schools Inc. v. Seattle School
District, 05-98 (2007); Meredith v. Jefferson County (Ky.) Board
of Education, 551 U.S. 701 (2007). - Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964).
6 5. Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 U.S. 294 (1964).
6 6. Grig gs v. Duke Power, 401 U.S. 424 (1971). - Easley v. Cromartie, 532 U.S. 234 (2001), rehearing denied, 532
U.S. 1076 (2001). - Easley v. Cromartie, 532 U.S. 1076 (2001).
- Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Board of Elections, 580 U.S.
(2017); Cooper v. Harris, 581 U.S. (2017). In Alabama
Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama 575 U.S. (2015), the
Court also struck down state legislative districts in Alabama as
unconstitutional “packing.” In January 2017, a three-judge panel
also struck down the state’s next attempt to draw the districts,
and finally, in October 2017, the third attempt was upheld.- Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S. (2013).
- Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971).
- Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973).
7 3. Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944). - Trump v. Hawaii, 585 U.S. (2018).
- Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 (1976).
- Orr v. Orr, 440 U.S. 268 (1979).
7 7. United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515 (1996).
7 8. Joanna L. Grossman, “Policing Sexism at the Border: The
Supreme Court’s Decision in Sessions v. Morales-Santana,”
Verdict: Legal Analysis and Commentary from Justia, June 20,
2017, https://verdict.justia.com/2017/06/20/policing-sexism-
border-supreme-courts-decision-sessions-v-morales-santana
(accessed 11/6/17). The case is Sessions v. Morales-Santana, 582
US (2017). - Johnson v. Transportation Agency of Santa Clara, 480
U.S. 616 (1987). - Harris v. Forklift Systems, 510 U.S. 17 618 (1993).
8 1. Stephanie Zacharek, Eliana Dockterman and Haley Sweetland
Edwards, “Person of the Year 2017: The Silence Breakers,”
Time, http://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2017-silence-
breakers (accessed 4/18/18).
8 2. Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 550 U.S. 618 (2007).
8 3. Julie Hirschfeld Davis, “Obama Moves to Expand Rules Aimed
at Closing Gender Pay Gap,” New York Times, January 29, 2016,
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/29/us/politics/obama-moves-
to-expand-rules-aimed-at-closing-gender-pay-gap.html
(accessed 1/30/16).
8 4. “Women Present Widespread Discrimination at Wal-Mart,”
press release, April 28, 2003, http://www.walmartclass.com/
staticdata/press_releases/wmcc.html (accessed 10/4/12).
8 5. David Savage, “Supreme Court Blocks Huge Class-Action Suit
against Wal-Mart,” Los Angeles Times, June 21, 2011. The case is
Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (2011). - Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986), rehearing denied, 478
U.S. 1039 (1986).
8 7. Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996). - Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003). Because the basis for
the decision was the due process clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment and not the equal protection clause, this ruling
upheld a civil liberty rather than a civil right. As such, it applied
to all laws regarding sodomy, not just those that applied to
gays. However, the decision has been widely regarded as a
landmark civil rights case because it provided equal rights
for gays.
8 9. The three cases are Hollingsworth v. Perry, 570 U.S. (2013),
United States v. Windsor, 570 U.S. (2013), and Obergefell v.
Hodges, 576 U.S. (2015).
9 0. Quoted in Voting Rights Act Extension: Report of the
Subcommittee of the Constitution of the Committee on the
Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 97th Congress, 2nd session, May 25,
1982, S. Rept. 97-417, 4.
9 1. Drew S. Days III, “Section 5 Enforcement and the Justice
Department,” in Controversies in Minority Voting: The Voting
Rights Act in Perspective, ed. Bernard Grofman and Chandler
Davidson (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press,
1992), p. 52; Frank R. Parker, Black Votes Count (Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 1990), p. 1.
9 2. Davidson, “The Voting Rights Act,” p. 21.
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