Endnotes A331 5. Pew Research Center, “In Gay Marriage Debate, Both
Supporters and Opponents See Legal Recognition
as ‘Inevitable,’” June 6, 2013, http://www.people-press.
org/2013/06/06/in-gay-marriage-debate-both-supporters-
and-opponents-see-legal-recognition-as-inevitable (accessed
10/30/15).
1 6. Pew Research Center, “United in Remembrance, Divided over
Policies: Ten Years after 9/11,” September 1, 2011, http://www.people-
press.org/2011/09/01/united-in-remembrance-divided-over-
policies/1 (accessed 9/5/12).
1 7. John Zaller, The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion (New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1992).
1 8. Richard Nadwau et al., “Class, Party, and South–Nonsouth
Differences,” American Politics Research 32 (2004): 52–67.
1 9. James H. Kuklinski et al., “Racial Prejudice and Attitudes
toward Affirmative Action,” American Journal of Political
Science 41 (1997): 402–19.
2 0. Donald P. Green, Bradley Palmquist, and Eric Schickler,
Partisan Hearts and Minds (New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press, 2002).
2 1. Pew Research Center, “Young Voters Supported Obama Less,
but May Have Mattered More,” November 26, 2012,
w w w.people-press.org/201 2/11/26/young-voters-
supported-obama-less-but-may-have-mattered-more
(accessed 3/17/14).
2 2. For elaboration on this point, see William T. Bianco,
Richard G. Niemi, and Harold W. Stanley, “Partisanship
and Group Support over Time: A Multivariate Analysis,”
American Political Science Review 80 (September 1986):
9 6 9 –76.
2 3. Lupia and McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma.
2 4. Lawrence R. Jacobs and Robert Y. Shapiro, Politicians
Don’t Pander: Political Manipulation and the Loss of
Democratic Responsiveness (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 2000).- Zaller, The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion.
2 6. R. Michael Alvarez and John Brehm, Hard Choices, Easy
Answers (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002).
2 7. John Zaller and Stanley Feldman, “A Theory of the Survey
Response: Revealing Preferences versus Answering
Questions,” American Journal of Political Science 36 (1992):
579 –616.
2 8. Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier and Susan DeBoef,
“Macropartisanship and Macroideology in the Sophisticated
Electorate,” Journal of Politics 63:1 (2001): 232–48. - R. Michael Alvarez and John Brehm, “American Ambivalence
towards Abortion Policy: Development of a Heteroskedastic
Probit Model of Competing Values,” American Journal of
Political Science 39:4 (1995): 1055–82.
3 0. Pew Research Center, “Beyond Red vs. Blue: The Political
Typology. Section 6: Foreign Affairs, Terrorism and Privacy,”
June 26, 2014, http://www.people-press.org/2014/06/26/
section-6-foreign-affairs-terrorism-and-privacy
(accessed 3/11/16 ).
3 1. Richard Wike and Katie Simmons, “Global Support for
Principle of Free Expression, but Opposition to Some Forms of
Speech: Americans Especially Likely to Embrace Individual
Liberties,” Pew Research Center, November 18, 2015, http://www.
pewglobal.org/2015/11/18/global-support-for-principle-of-
free-expression-but-opposition-to-some-forms-of-speech
(accessed 11/18/15).
3 2. Milton Lodge and Charles Taber, “Three Steps toward a Theory
of Motivated Political Reasoning,” in Elements of Reason:
Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality, ed. Arthur
Lupia, Mathew D. McCubbins, and Samuel L. Popkin (London:
Cambridge University Press, 2000); Marcus, Neuman, and
Mackuen, Affective Intelligence; David Redlawsk, “Hot
Cognition or Cool Consideration? Testing the Effects of Moti-
vated Reasoning on Political Decision Making,” Journal of
Politics 64 (2002): 1021–44; David Redlawsk, Andrew Civettini,
and Karen Emmerson, “The Affective Tipping Point: Do
Motivated Reasoners Ever ‘Get It’?” Political Psychology 31, no.
4 (2010): 563– 93.
3 3. Desilver, “5 Facts” (accessed 11/23/15).
3 4. See Harry Holloway and John George, Public Opinion (New
York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986); Paul R. Abramson, Political
Attitudes in America (San Francisco: Freeman, 1983).
3 5. See Paul M. Sniderman and Edward G. Carmines,
Reaching beyond Race (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 1997).
3 6. Christopher Wlezien and Robert S. Erikson, “The Horse
Race: What Polls Reveal as the Election Campaign Unfolds,”
International Journal of Public Opinion Research 19:1 (2007):
74– 8 8.
3 7. Anton J. Nederhof, “Methods of Coping with Social Desirability
Bias: A Review,” European Journal of Social Psychology 15:3
(2006): 263–80.
3 8. Sarah Kliff, “Obamacare Is 5 Years Old, and Americans Are Still
Worried about Death Panels,” Vox.com, May 23, 2015, http://www.
vox.com/2015/3/23/8273007/obamacare-poll-death-panels
(accessed 11/2/15).
3 9. Michael X. Delli Carpini and Scott Keeter, What Americans
Know about Politics and Why It Matters (New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press, 1997).
4 0. Dan Diamond, “The Unemployment Rate Doubled under Bush.
It’s Fallen by More than One-Third under Obama,” Vox.com,
November 7, 2015, http://www.vox.com/2015/11/7/9684780/
unemployment-rate-obama (accessed 11/7/15).
4 1. Delli Carpini and Keeter, What Americans Know about Politics
and Why It Matters.
4 2. Nate Silver, “How FiveThirtyEight Calculates Pollster
Ratings,” September 25, 2014, http://fivethirtyeight.com/
features/how-fivethirtyeight-calculates-pollster-ratings
(accessed 11/6/15).
4 3. For a review of the literature on trust in government, see Karen
Cook, Russell Hardin, and Margaret Levi, Cooperation without
Trust (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2005), as well as
Marc J. Hetherington, Why Trust Matters: Declining Political
Trust and the Demise of American Liberalism (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 2004).
4 4. William T. Bianco, Trust: Representatives and Constituents (Ann
Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994).
4 5. Sean M. Theriault, The Power of the People: Congressional
Competition, Public Attention, and Voter Retribution
(Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2005).
4 6. Thomas Rudolph and Jillian Evans, “Political Trust, Ideology,
and Public Support for Government Spending,” American
Journal of Political Science 49 (2005): 660–71.
4 7. Patricia Moy and Michael Pfau, With Malice toward All?
The Media and Public Confidence in Democratic Institutions
(Boulder, CO: Praeger, 2000).
4 8. Erikson, Mackuen, and Stimson, The Macro Polity.
4 9. James A. Stimson, Public Opinion in America: Moods, Swings,
and Cycles (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999).
5 0. Robert S. Erikson, Michael B. Mackuen, and James A. Stimson,
“American Politics: The Model” (unpublished paper, Columbia
University, 2000).Full_20_APT_64431_END_A23-A54.indd 33 15/11/18 2:38 PM