A34 Endnotes5 1. Larry Bartels, “Constituency Opinion and Congressional
Policy Making: The Reagan Defense Buildup,” American
Political Science Review 85 (June 1991): 457–74; Jonathan
Kastellec, Jeffrey R. Lax, and Justin H. Phillips, “Public Opinion
and Senate Confirmation of Supreme Court Nominees,”
Journal of Politics 72 (2010): 767–84.
5 2. Jacobs and Shapiro, Politicians Don’t Pander: Political
Manipulation and the Loss of Democratic Responsiveness.Chapter 7
1. Brian Solis, Engage! The Complete Guide for Brands and
Businesses to Build, Cultivate, and Measure Success in the New
Web (New York: Wiley and Sons, 2010), p. 29.
2. Samidh Chakrabarti, “Hard Questions: What Effect Does Social
Media Have on Democracy?” https://newsroom.fb.com/news/
2018/01/effect-social-media-democracy/?frame-nonce=
bd5e374778 (accessed 5/10/18).
3. William H. Riker, The Strategy of Rhetoric: Campaigning for
the American Constitution (New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press, 1996).
4. Garry Wills, Explaining America: The Federalist (New York:
Penguin Press, 2001).
5. Geoffrey R. Stone, Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from
the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism (New York: W. W.
Norton, 2004).
6. John D. Stevens, Sensationalism and the New York Press (New
York: Columbia University Press, 1991).
7. Robert C. Williams, Horace Greeley: Champion of
American Freedom (New York: New York University Press,
2006).
8. Gay Talese, The Kingdom and the Power (New York: Calder and
Boyars, 1983).
9. For a detailed history, see United States Early Radio History,
http://www.earlyradiohistory.us (accessed 9/17/12).
1 0. The Project for Excellence in Journalism, “The State of the
News Media. http://www.pewresearch.org/topics/state-of-
the-news-media (accessed 5/3/18).- The Columbia Journalism Review maintains a list of holdings for
major media companies at Who Owns What, http://www.cjr.org/tools/
owners (accessed 9/17/12).
1 2. See http://www.themonkeycage.org (accessed 1/25/18) and
http://www.vox.com/mischiefs-of-faction (accessed 2/23/18).
1 3. For the original and revised versions, see “New York Post Goes
On Cletus Safari, Finds This Scrappy Blue Collar ... Chief Of
Surgery?” https://wonkette.com/629157/new-york-post-goes-
on-cletus-safari-finds-this-scrappy-blue-collar-chief-of-
surgery (accessed 5/3/2018).
1 4. Matthew Baum, “Sex, Lies and War: How Soft News Brings
Foreign Policy to the Inattentive Public,” American Political
Science Review 96 (2002): 91–109.
1 5. Patti M. Valkenburg, Jochen Peter, and Joseph B. Walther,
“Media effects: Theory and research,” Annual Review of
Psychology 67 (2016): 315–38.
1 6. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion (New York:
Pearson, 2012).
1 7. Danny Hayes and Matthew Guardino, Influence from Abroad:
Foreign Voices, the Media, and U.S. Public Opinion (New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2013).
1 8. Matthew Baum, “Talking the Vote: Why Presidential
Candidates Hit the Talk Show Circuit,” American Journal of
Political Science 49 (2005): 213–34.
1 9. Harriet Sinclair, “Ted Cruz Releases Strange Song about
Opponent Beto O’Rourke as Pair Win Primaries,” Newsweek,
March 7, 2018, http://www.newsweek.com/ted-cruz-beto-orourke-
texas-834257 (accessed 10/2/18).
2 0. Tara Golshan, “The Raging Controversy over Beto O’Rourke’s
Full Name, Explained,” Vox.com, March 8, 2018, http://www.vox.com/
policy-and-politics/2018/3/7/17091094/controversy-beto-
orourke-robert-name-ted-cruz (accessed 10/2/18).
2 1. Barton Gellman, “Code Name ‘Verax’: Snowden, in Exchanges
with Post Reporter, Made Clear He Knew Risks,” Washington
Post, June 13, 2012, p. A1.
2 2. Michael Kelly, “Bing Maps Appear to Show the ‘Secret’
U.S. Drone Base in Saudi Arabia,” February 8, 2013, http://www.
businessinsider.com/wired-finds-americas-drone-base-in-
saudi-arabia-2013-2 (accessed 8/30/16).
2 3. For a discussion of these concepts, see Paul M. Sniderman
and Sean M. Theriault, “The Structure of Political Argument
and the Logic of Issue Framing,” in Studies in Public Opinion,
ed. William E. Saris and Paul M. Sniderman (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 2004); and Shanto Iyengar and
Donald Kinder, News That Matters (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1987). See also Maxwell McCombs and Donald
L. Shaw, “The Agenda-Setting Functions of Mass Media,”
Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (1972): 176–87; and Amos Tversky
and Daniel Kahnemann, “The Framing of Decisions and the
Psychology of Choice,” Science 211 (1981): 453–58.
2 4. Markus Prior, “Media and Political Polarization,” Annual
Review of Political Science 16 (2013): 101–27.
2 5. Kevin Arceneaux et al., “The Influence of News Media on
Political Elites: Investigating Strategic Responsiveness in
C on g ress ,” American Journal of Political Science 60:1 (2016):
5–29.
2 6. Matthew S. Levendusky, “Why Do Partisan Media Polarize
Viewers?,” American Journal of Political Science 57:3 (2013):
611–23.
2 7. Kevin Arceneaux, Martin Johnson, and Chad Murphy,
“Polarized Political Communication, Oppositional Media
Hostility, and Selective Exposure,” Journal of Politics 74 : 01
(201 2): 174– 8 6.
2 8. See Eric Alterman, What Liberal Media? (New York: Basic
Books, 2003); and Bernard Goldberg, Bias (New York:
Regnery, 2001).
29. This description runs on the editorial masthead of every issue
of The Nation.
3 0. Tal Kopan, “Carson Slams Reporters over Questions about His
Past,” November 6, 2015, http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/06/politics/
ben-carson-responds-violent-past-new-day (accessed 11/20/15).
3 1. Project Censored, “The Top 25 Censored Stories of 2016–2017,”
http://projectcensored.org/category/the-top-25-censored-
stories-of-2016-2017/ (accessed 1/31/18).
3 2. Carl Bialik, “Scare Headlines Exaggerated the US Crime Wave,”
September 11, 2015, http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/
scare-headlines-exaggerated-the-u-s-crime-wave (accessed
1 1/20/15).
3 3. Pew Research Center, “Press Widely Criticized, but Trusted
More than Other Information Sources,” September 22, 2011,
http://www.people-press.org/2011/09/22/press-widely-criticized-
but-trusted-more-than-other-institutions (accessed
9/17/12).
3 4. Markus Prior, Post-Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice
Increases Inequality in Political Involvement and Polarizes
Elections (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
3 5. Pablo Boczkowski, Imitation in an Age of Information
Abundance (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010).Full_20_APT_64431_END_A23-A54.indd 34 15/11/18 2:38 PM