A38 Endnotes1 4. Timothy LaPira and Hershel F. Thomas III, “Revolving Door
Lobbyists and Interest Representation,” Interest Groups and
Advocacy 3 (2013): 4–29.
1 5. Sixty-one members retired in January 2017; 26 of those were
employed by mid-2018, and 16 of those were in lobbying. Data
available at http://www.opensecrets.org/revolving/departing.php
(accessed 10/10/18).
1 6. Theodoric Meyer, “Has Trump Drained the Swamp in
Wash i n g ton?,” Politico, October 19, 2017, http://www.politico.com/
story/2017/10/19/trump-drain-swamp-promises-243924
(accessed 12/19/17).
1 7. Robert H. Salisbury, John P. Heinz, Edward O. Laumann, and
Robert L. Nelson, “Who Works with Whom? Interest Group
Alliances and Opposition,” American Political Science Review 81
(1987): 1217–34.
1 8. Business–Industry Political Action Committee, “About
BIPAC,” http://www.bipac.org/about-us (accessed 6/5/18).
1 9. Becky Peterson, “Citizens Angry over GOP Healthcare Bills Are
Overloading the Bot Designed to Help Them Reach Congress,”
Business Insider, September 22, 2017, http://www.businessinsider.
com/resistbot-overloaded-users-fax-congress-about-gop-
healthcare-2017-9; Jason Putorti, “Welcome to Resistbot
v3,” November 9, 2017, https://resistbot.news/welcome-to-
resistbot-v3-5fe513aa457a (both accessed 12/19/17).
2 0. Thomas Holyoke, “Choosing Battlegrounds: Interest Group
Lobbying across Multiple Venues,” Political Science Quarterly
56 (2003): 325–36.
2 1. AARP, “Policy and Research for Professionals in Aging,” http://www.
aarp.org/research/ppi (accessed 4/8/08).
2 2. James Q. Wilson, Political Organizations (New York: Basic
Books, 1974).
2 3. American Automobile Association, Foundation for Traffic
Safety, http://www.aaafoundation.org/home (accessed 7/29/16).
2 4. Kenneth Kollman, Outside Lobbying: Public Opinion and
Interest Group Strategies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press, 1998).
2 5. Jack Walker, Mobilizing Interest Groups in America (Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press, 1991).
2 6. John P. Heinz, Edward O. Laumann, and Robert Salisbury,
The Hollow Core: Private Interests in National Policymaking
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
2 7. Richard L. Hall and Alan V. Deardorff, “Lobbying as
Legislative Subsidy,” American Political Science Review 100
(2006): 69 –84.
2 8. Hall and Deardorff, “Lobbying as Legislative Subsidy.”
29. David Austen-Smith and John R. Wright, “Counteractive
Lobbying,” American Journal of Political Science 38:1 (1994):
25–4 4.
3 0. Key Lehman Schlozman and John T. Tierney, Organized
Interests and American Democracy (New York: HarperCollins,
1986).
3 1. Baumgartner and Leech, Basic Interests, p. 152.
3 2. Anthony Madonna and Ian Ostrander, “If Congress Keeps
Cutting Its Staff, Who Is Writing Your Laws? You Won’t
Like the Answer,” Washington Post, August 20, 2015, http://www.
washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/08/20/
if-congress-keeps-cutting-its-staff-who-is-writing-your-
laws-you-wont-like-the-answer/?utm_term=.d4773b24c7cf
(accessed 12/20/17).
3 3. Christine A. DeGregorio, Networks of Champions: Leadership,
Access, and Advocacy in the U.S. House of Representatives (Ann
Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992).3 4. Daniel Carpenter, The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy:
Reputations, Networks, and Policy Innovation in Executive
Agencies, 1862–1928 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
2002).
3 5. Public Citizen,” Our Work,” http://www.citizen.org (accessed
1 2/20/17).
3 6. Derived from a search of the NR A Institute for Legislative
Action site, http://www.nraila.org (accessed 9/19/12).
3 7. Kim Scheppele and Jack L. Walker, “The Litigation Strategies
of Interest Groups,” in Mobilizing Interest Groups in America,
ed. Jack Walker (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,
1991).
3 8. Lauren Cohen Bell, Warring Factions: Interest Groups, Money,
and the New Politics of Senate Confirmation (Columbus: Ohio
State University Press, 2002).
3 9. Kevin W. Hula, Lobbying Together: Interest Group Coalitions in
Legislative Politics (Washington, DC: Georgetown University
Press, 1999).
4 0. Jeanne Cummings, “Word Games Could Threaten Climate
Bill,” Politico, June 9, 2009, http://www.politico.com/news/
stor ies/0609/2 4059.ht m l (accessed 9/19/1 2).
4 1. AARP, “A Guide to Your Elected Officials,” https://action.aarp.
org/site/SPageServer?pagename=electedOfficials (accessed
6/5/1 8).
4 2. Erica Chenoweth and Jeremy Pressman, “This Is What We
Learned by Counting the Women’s Marches,” Washington Post,
February 7, 2017, http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-
cage/wp/2017/02/07/this-is-what-we-learned-by-counting-
the-womens-marches/?utm_term=.4dd6925ad4a6 (accessed
1 2/20/17).
4 3. In addition to Planned Parenthood and the Natural Resources
Defense Council, other supporting organizations included
the AFL-CIO, Amnesty International USA, the Mothers of
the Movement, the National Center for Lesbian Rights, the
National Organization for Women, MoveOn.org, Human
Rights Watch, Code Pink, Black Girls Rock!, the NA ACP,
the American Indian Movement, EMILY’s List, Oxfam,
Greenpeace USA, and the League of Women Voters.
4 4. Richard Fenno, Home Style: U.S. House Members in Their
Districts (Boston: Little, Brown, 1978). See also Brandice
Caines-Wrone, David W. Brady, and John F. Cogan, “Out
of Step, Out of Office: Electoral Accountability and House
Members’ Voting,” American Political Science Review 96 (2002):
127–40.
4 5. Emily Yoffe, “Am I the Next Jack Abramoff ?,” Slate, April 1,
2006, w w w.slate.com/id/2137886 (accessed 8/28/09).- Kollman, Outside Lobbying.
4 7. Gregory Calderia, Marie Hojnacki, and John R. Wright, “The
Lobbying Activities of Organized Interests in Federal Judicial
Nominations,” Journal of Politics 62 (2000): 51–69. - Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 558 U.S. 310
(2010).
4 9. Data from http://www.opensecrets.org and http://www.fec.gov (accessed
1 2/20/17).
5 0. John G. Matsusaka, “Direct Democracy and Fiscal Gridlock:
Have Voter Initiatives Paralyzed the California Budget?,” State
Politics and Policy 5 (2005): 346–62.
5 1. Thad Kousser, Term Limits and the Dismantling of State
Legislative Professionalism (New York: Cambridge University
Press, 2004).
5 2. History of Marijuana on the Ballot,” Ballotpedia, https://
ballotpedia.org/History _of_marijuana_on_the_ballot
(accessed 11/12/18).
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