Endnotes A395 3. Frederick J. Boehmke, “The Initiative Process and the
Dynamics of State Interest Group Populations,” State Politics
and Policy Quarterly, 8:4 (Winter 2008): 362–83.
5 4. John G. Matsusaka, For the Many or the Few: The Initiative,
Public Policy, and American Democracy (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2004).
5 5. Elizabeth R. Gerber, The Populist Paradox: Interest Group
Influence and the Promise of Direct Legislation (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1999).
5 6. Baumgartner and Leech, Basic Interests, Chapter 8, pp. 147–67.
5 7. Lee Drutman, “The Solution to Lobbying Is More Lobbying,”
Washington Post, April 29, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.
com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2015/04/29/the-solution-to-
lobbying-is-more-lobbying (accessed 2/16/16).
5 8. Keith E. Schnakenberg, “Informational Lobbying and
Legislative Voting,” American Journal of Political Science, 61:1
(January 2017): 129–145.
5 9. Nicholas Fandos, “House Votes to Sharply Expand Concealed-
Carry Gun Rights,” December 6, 2017, New York Times, http://www.
nytimes.com/2017/12/06/us/politics/house-concealed-carry-
guns-nra-reciprocity.html (accessed 6/5/18).
6 0. Emma Leathley, “Net Neutrality,” OpenSecrets.org, December
2017, http://www.opensecrets.org/news/issues/net_neutrality/
(accessed 12/20/17).
6 1. Eric Bradner, “Alabama Election: Doug Jones Scores Stunning
Win, But Moore Won’t concede,” CNN, December 13, 2017,
http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/12/politics/alabama-senate-election-
mainbar/index.html (accessed 6/5/18).
6 2. David Lowery, “Why Do Organized Interests Lobby? A Multi-
Goal, Multi-Context Theory of Lobbying,” Polity 39 (2007):
29–54.
6 3. Amy McKay, “Negative Lobbying and Policy Outcomes,”
American Politics Review 40 (2011): 116–46.
6 4. Jeffrey M. Berry, The Interest Group Society (New York:
HarperCollins, 1997); Raymond A. Bauer, Ithiel de Sola Pool,
and Lewis Dexter, American Business and Public Policy (New
York: Atherton Press, 1963).
6 5. Kollman, Outside Lobbying.
6 6. Frank Baumgartner and Beth Leech, “Interest Niches and
Policy Bandwagons: Patterns of Interest Group Involvement in
National Politics,” Journal of Politics 63 (2001): 1191–1213.Take a Stand
a. Jacob Weisberg, “Three Cities, Three Scandals: What Jack
Abramoff, Anthony Pellicano, and Jared Paul Stern Have in
Common,” Slate, April 9, 2006, http://www.slate.com/id/2140238
(accessed 10/25/12).
b. Herschel F. Thomas and Timothy M. LaPira, “How Many
Lobbyists Are in Washington? Shadow Lobbying and the Gray
Market for Policy Advocacy,” Interest Groups and Advocacy 6:3
(2017): 199 –21 4.Chapter 11
1. Katie Reilly, “Here’s What President Trump Has Said about
DACA in the Past,” Time, September 5, 2017, http://time.
com/4927100/donald-trump-daca-past-statements/ (accessed
2/15/18).
2. Most of the poll questions specified the conditions of the DACA
program for becoming a citizen: “To qualify, immigrants had
to be under the age of 30 as of 2012, have no criminal record,
and be a student, in the military, or have earned a high schooldiploma.” A few only mentioned not having a criminal record.
See http://www.pollingreport.com/immigration.htm for a record of
the polls taken early in 2018 (accessed 2/9/18).
3. See Wendy J. Schiller and Charles Stewart III, Electing the
Senate: Indirect Democracy before the Seventeenth Amendment
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015), for an
analysis of Senate elections before the popular vote; see
Paul Gronke, The Electorate, the Campaign, and the Office:
A Unified Approach to Senate and House Elections (Ann
Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000), for research
showing that the House and Senate elections share many
similar characteristics. See Richard F. Fenno, Senators on
the Campaign Trail: The Politics of Representation (Norman:
University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), for a good general
discussion of Senate elections.
4. The poll data on Congress’s general approval is from
PollingReport.com (www.pollingreport.com/CongJob.htm
[accessed 5/18/18]). The occupations poll was conducted by
Gallup in December 2017 (http://news.gallup.com/poll/1654/
honesty-ethics-professions.aspx, accessed 2/15/18).
5. “Congress Less Popular than Cockroaches, Traffic Jams,”
Public Policy Polling, January 8, 2013, http://www.publicpolicypolling.
com/pdf/2011/PPP_Release_Natl_010813 _.pdf (accessed
4/11/1 4).
6. Claudine Gay, “Spirals of Trust? The Effect of Descriptive
Representation on the Relationship between Citizens and
Their Government,” American Journal of Political Science 46:4
(October 2002): 717–32.
7. In addition to those mentioned in the text, there were two other
African Americans who were elected by state legislatures to
serve in the Senate during the Reconstruction period. And in
more recent times, there was an African American, Roland
Burris (D-IL), who was appointed to serve the remainder of
Senator Barack Obama’s term.
8. David T. Canon, Race, Redistricting, and Representation:
The Unintended Consequences of Black Majority Districts
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Katherine Tate,
Concordance: Black Lawmaking in the U.S. Congress from
Carter to Obama (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan
Press, 2014); Stella M. Rouse, Latinos in the Legislative Process:
Interests and Influence (New York: Cambridge University Press,
2013); Michele L. Swers, Women in the Club: Gender and Policy
Making in the Senate (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
2013); Michele L. Swers, The Difference Women Make: The Policy
Impact of Women in Congress (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 2002).
9. R. Douglas Arnold, The Logic of Congressional Action (New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), pp. 60–71.
1 0. Richard F. Fenno, Home Style: House Members in Their Districts
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1978).
1 1. David R. Mayhew, Congress: The Electoral Connection (New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974).- Mayhew, Congress, p. 17.
- Mayhew, Congress, p. 37.
1 4. Patrick J. Sellers, “Fiscal Consistency and Federal District
Spending in Congressional Elections,” American Journal of
Political Science 41:3 (July 1997): 1024–41.
1 5. David T. Canon, “History in the Making: The 2nd District in
Wisconsin,” in The Battle for Congress: Candidates, Consultants,
and Voters, ed. James A. Thurber (Washington, DC: Brookings
Institution Press, 2001), pp. 199–238.
1 6. Gary C. Jacobson, The Politics of Congressional Elections, 5th ed.
(New York: Longman, 2001), pp. 24–30. - Fenno, Home Style.
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